Association between uric acid to high-density lipoprotein ratio and mental health symptoms in people with type 2 diabetes

Table 1 Characteristics of study participants divided by uric acid-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio tertile, n (%)

Variables	Total, n = 285	Tertiles of UHR			P value
		T1, n= 94	T2, n = 96	T3, n = 95
Age (year)	58.79 ± 15.00	61.22 ± 12.22	57.60 ± 14.96	57.57 ± 17.24	0.157
Male	182 (63.86)	39 (41.49)	67 (69.79)	76 (80.00)	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m2)	25.12 ± 4.02	24.86 ± 3.32	26.02 ± 4.35	0.023	0.006
Education					0.842
Illiterate	34 (11.93)	13 (13.83)	10 (10.42)	11 (11.58)
Primary school	72 (25.26)	27 (28.72)	24 (25.00)	21 (22.11)
Junior high school	95 (33.33)	29 (30.85)	33 (34.38)	33 (34.74)
Senior high school	40 (14.04)	12 (12.77)	11 (11.46)	17 (17.89)
College or above	44 (15.44)	13 (13.83)	18 (18.75)	13 (13.68)
DM duration (years)					0.815
< 1	45 (16.01)	17 (18.48)	17 (17.89)	11 (11.70)
< 10	139 (49.47)	44 (47.83)	43 (45.26)	52 (55.32)
< 20	62 (22.06)	20 (21.74)	22 (23.16)	20 (21.28)
≥ 20	35 (12.46)	11 (11.96)	13 (13.68)	11 (11.70)
Smoking	126 (44.21)	30 (31.91)	44 (45.83)	52 (54.74)	0.006
Drinking	104 (36.49)	26 (27.66)	38 (39.58)	40 (42.11)	0.088
HbA1c (%)	8.93 ± 2.40	8.65 ± 2.28	9.40 ± 2.36	8.74 ± 2.51	0.062
FPG (mmol/L)	7.87 ± 2.50	7.69 ± 2.05	8.17 ± 2.97	7.74 ± 2.38	0.348
AST (U/L)	23.64 ± 16.75	23.12 ± 19.90	22.58 ± 11.74	25.23 ± 17.67	0.514
ALT (U/L)	27.11 ± 21.84	24.20 ± 19.84	26.60 ± 18.68	30.53 ± 26.04	0.132
TG (mmol/L)	2.35 ± 2.28	2.04 ± 2.46	2.16 ± 1.55	2.84 ± 2.64	0.033
TC (mmol/L)	4.54 ± 1.33	4.83 ± 1.30	4.58 ± 1.37	4.21 ± 1.27	0.005
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.69 ± 1.19	2.86 ± 1.26	2.78 ± 1.25	2.44 ± 1.00	0.036
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.11 ± 0.29	1.34 ± 0.28	1.09 ± 0.19	0.91 ± 0.19	< 0.001
UA (mg/dL)	5.48 ± 1.71	3.97 ± 1.19	5.36 ± 0.91	7.09 ± 1.29	< 0.001
UHR	5.33 ± 2.38	3.01 ± 0.83	4.95 ± 0.54	8.01 ± 1.82	< 0.001
SDS	46.16 ± 10.67	44.92 ± 9.73	44.00 ± 11.14	49.57 ± 10.34	< 0.001
SAS	42.75 ± 7.89	42.03 ± 7.35	42.36 ± 8.88	43.86 ± 7.30	0.238

Uric acid to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (UHR) tertiles were defined as follows: T1, UHR < 4.05; T2, 4.05 ≤ UHR < 6.01; T3, UHR ≥ 6.01. ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: Body mass index; DM: Diabetes mellitus; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SAS: Self-Rating Anxiety Scale; SDS: Self-Rating Depression Scale; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; UHR: Uric acid to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; UA: Urine acid.