Maternal and neonatal outcomes according to the timing of diagnosis of gestational diabetes: A critical appraisal

Table 4 Adverse pregnancy outcomes among treated early gestational diabetes women in comparison with late-onset gestational diabetes or non-gestational diabetes mellitus women

Outcome	Immanuel and Simmons[30], Ref: L-GDM, E-GDM, RR (95%CI)	Feghali et al[31], Ref: L-GDM, E-GDM, aOR (95%CI)	Tirado-Aguilar et al[35], Ref: L-GDM, E-GDM, aOR (95%CI)	Regnault et al[28], Ref: L-GDM, E-GDM, aPR (95%CI)	Yefet et al[34], Ref: L-GDM, E-GDM, aOR (95%CI)	Punnose et al[33]		Shub et al[32]
						Ref: No GDM, L-GDM, aOR (95%CI)	Ref: No GDM, E-GDM, aOR (95%CI)	Ref: No GDM, L-GDM, aOR (95%CI)	Ref: No GDM, E-GDM, aOR (95%CI)
LGA babies	1.07 (0.86-1.35)			1.101 (1.06-1.14)	NS	1.371 (1.08-1.75)	2.021 (1.51-2.71)	0.6 (0.40-1.02)	0.8 (0.49-1.23)
Perinatal mortality	3.581 (1.91-6.7)		0.29 (0.18-2.78)	1.511 (1.19-1.91)
Neonatal hypoglycemia	1.611 (1.02-2.55)		18.571 (2.69-21.2)	1.08 (0.96-1.22)	3.51 (2-6.1)			3.31 (1.5-7.06)	4.21 (2.01-9.00)
NICU admission	1.16 (0.9-1.49)			1.04 (0.98-1.12)		1.591 (1.22-2.07)	1.891 (1.37-2.62)	1.4 (0.85-2.29)	1.6 (0.95-2.63)
Small for gestational age	1.27 (0.92-1.75)
Macrosomia	1.05 (0.77-1.41)	21 (1-4.2)
Gestational hypertension or preeclampsia	1.34 (0.98-1.82)	1 (0.5-1.8)	0.71 (0.18-2.78)	0.96 (0.88-1.05)		0.74 (0.43-1.27)	0.82 (0.43-1.56)	0.52 (0.22-1.25)	0.48 (0.2-1.31)
Preterm	1.16 (0.84-1.61)	1.6 (0.9-2.9)		1.01 (0.95-1.07)	NS	2.041 (1.54-2.69)	3.141 (2.28-4.33)
Caesarian	1.09 (0.94-1.26)			1.03 (1-1.05)		1.02 (0.83-1.26)	1.381 (1.05-1.81)
Shoulder dystocia	1.76 (0.96-3.24)				10.31 (2.4-44.6)
Hyperbilirubinemia	1.16 (0.91-1.48)		1.14 (0.68-2.24)		1.3 (0.9-1.8)
Respiratory distress	1 (0.76-1.32)		4.761 (1.91-15.16)
Erb’s palsy and clavicular fracture				1.551 (1.22-1.99)
Apgar at 5-minute < 7/neonatal asphyxia			3.29 (0.61-17.9)			1.54 (0.59-2.51)	1.59 (0.86-1.08)	0.6 (0.17-2.30)	0.37 (0.08-1.80)
Induction of labor						1.451 (1.17-1.8)	1.25 (0.94-1.65)	2.481 (1.61-3.84)	2.461 (1.55-3.93)
Neonatal composite		1 (0.6-1.7)						1.4 (0.9-2.23	1.81 (1.15-2.92)
Obstetric composite								0.78 (0.53-1.12)	1.16 (0.79-1.71)
Others			NS. For still birth, enterocolitis, mechanical ventilation, ventricular hemorrhage	NS. For ante or post-partum hemorrhage, congenital malformations	NS. For birth trauma, fetal malformations			Comparable perineal tear, major birth defects	Comparable perineal tear, major birth defects

¹Statistically significant.

GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus; E-GDM: Early-onset gestational diabetes; L-GDM: Late-onset gestational diabetes; RR: Risk ratio; aOR: Adjusted odds ratio; aPR: Adjusted prevalence ratio; CI: Confidence interval; LGA: Large for gestational age; NICU: Neonatal intensive care unit; NS: No difference in univariate analysis, no further multivariate analysis.