Maternal and neonatal outcomes according to the timing of diagnosis of gestational diabetes: A critical appraisal

Table 3 Comparative assessment of gestational diabetes mellitus risk factors and maternal glycemia at diagnosis, among early gestational diabetes and late gestational diabetes women, mean ± SD/mean (interquartile range)/n (%)

Ref.	Number of GDM women (n)	Age, years	BMI, kg/m2	Nulliparity	History of GDM	Family history of diabetes	Race	FPG, mmol/L	1-hour PG, mmol/L	2-hour PG, mmol/L
Feghali et al[31]	E-GDM, 160; L-GDM, 1202	32.4 ± 5.2, 31.2 ± 5.5, P = 0.007	35.4 ± 8.5, 29.4 ± 7.5, P = 0.001	62 (37.1), 619 (51.5), P = 0.001	54 (32.9), 113 (9.5), P < 0.001		White 725%, White 76%, P = 0.1	5.51 ± 0.96, 5.06 ± 0.83, P < 0.0001	11.17 ± 1.71, 10.84 ± 1.46, P = 0.04	9.99 ± 2.23, 9.84 ± 1.47, P = 0.5
Shub et al[32]	E-GDM, 170, L-GDM, 171	33 (30-36), 32 (30-35), P < 0.001	29 (25-35), 27 (23-35), P = 0.15	39 (22.9), 43 (25.1), P = 0.01				5.01 ± 5.02, 4.63 ± 0.37, P < 0.001	9.82 ± 1.82, 8.18 ± 1.48, P < 0.001	8.41 ± 1.36, 6.41 ± 1.02, P < 0.001
Punnose et al[33]	E-GDM, 255 L-GDM, 467	29.42 ± 4.01, 28.35 ± 3.62, P < 0.001	26.4 ± 4.45, 25.37 ± 4.19, P = 0.021	111 (43.53), 234 (50.11), P = 0.273	107 (41.96), 178 (38.12), P = 0.111	103 (40.39), 110 (23.55), P < 0.001	255 (100), 461 (100), all Asian Indians	5.26 ± 0.46, 5.19 ± 0.43, P = 0.089	9.08 ± 1.72, 9.36 ± 1.60, P = 0.023	7.55 ± 1.43, 7.47 ± 1.37, P = 0.675
Yefet et al[34]	E-GDM, 243, L-GDM, 2334	33.3 ± 5.3, 32.1 ± 5.5, P = 0.002	30.5 ± 6.2, 27.5 ± 8.7, P < 0.001	30 (12), 642 (28), P = 0.001
Tirado-Aguilar et al[35]	E-GDM, 173, L-GDM, 196	32 (28-37), 32 (27-37), P = 0.657	8.5 (25.1-32.4), 27.6 (24.2-31.6), P = 0.067					5.17 (4.8-5.4), 4.97 (4.6-5.3), P = 0.010	8.94 (7.8-9.8), 9.27 (7.8-10), P = 0.173	7.06 (6-8.1), 7.39 (6.3-8.6), P = 0.016
Regnault et al[28]	E-GDM, 31134; L-GDM, 44412	32.3 ± 5.3, 32.3 ± 5.3

GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus; BMI: Body mass index; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; PG: Plasma glucose; E-GDM: Early-onset gestational diabetes; L-GDM: Late-onset gestational diabetes.