Association of age at diagnosis of diabetes with subsequent risk of age-related ocular diseases and vision acuity

doi:10.4239/wjd.v15.i4.697

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Prospective Study

World J Diabetes. Apr 15, 2024; 15(4): 697-711
Published online Apr 15, 2024. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i4.697

Table 2 Baseline characteristics of participants by diabetes and controls for analysis of vision acuity¹

	< 45 yr		45-49 yr		50-54 yr		55-59 yr		60-64 yr		≥ 65 yr
	Non-diabetes	Diabetes	Non-diabetes	Diabetes	Non-diabetes	Diabetes	Non-diabetes	Diabetes	Non-diabetes	Diabetes	Non-diabetes	Diabetes
Age (yr)	53.1 ± 8.6	52.8 ± 8.5	54.8 ± 8.5	54.7 ± 5.8	59.0 ± 7.9	58.9 ± 4.8	62.5 ± 5.9	62.3 ± 3.5	65.2 ± 3.6	65.0 ± 2.4	67.5 ± 2.8	67.6 ± 1.3
Gender
Female	751 (37.6)	379 (37.9)	577 (36.4)	284 (35.8)	937 (39.2)	480 (40.2)	1035 (35.5)	512 (35.1)	962 (36.7)	485 (37.1)	363 (41.4)	177 (40.4)
Male	1249 (62.5)	621 (62.1)	1009 (63.6)	509 (64.2)	1453 (60.8)	715 (59.8)	1879 (64.5)	945 (64.9)	1656 (63.3)	824 (62.9)	513 (58.6)	261 (59.6)
Ethnicity
Whites	1268 (63.4)	606 (60.6)	1078 (68.0)	518 (65.3)	1793 (75.0)	866 (72.5)	2478 (85.0)	1223 (83.9)	2302 (87.9)	1122 (85.7)	768 (87.7)	379 (86.5)
Non-whites	611 (30.6)	373 (37.3)	454 (28.6)	270 (34.0)	511 (21.4)	306 (25.6)	378 (13.0)	222 (15.2)	267 (10.2)	172 (13.1)	86 (9.8)	54 (12.3)
Unknown	121 (6.1)	21 (2.1)	54 (3.4)	5 (0.6)	86 (3.6)	23 (1.9)	58 (2.0)	12 (0.8)	49 (1.9)	15 (1.1)	22 (2.5)	5 (1.1)
Education
0-5 yr	585 (29.3)	285 (28.5)	490 (30.9)	215 (27.1)	683 (28.6)	330 (27.6)	755 (25.9)	359 (24.6)	619 (23.6)	306 (23.4)	193 (22.0)	92 (21.0)
6-12 yr	942 (47.1)	487 (48.7)	811 (51.1)	430 (54.2)	1171 (49.0)	589 (49.3)	1359 (46.6)	693 (47.6)	1156 (44.2)	590 (45.1)	375 (42.8)	183 (41.8)
≥ 13 yr	369 (18.5)	192 (19.2)	239 (15.1)	130 (16.4)	462 (19.3)	244 (20.4)	736 (25.3)	370 (25.4)	783 (29.9)	385 (29.4)	287 (32.8)	151 (34.5)
Missing	104 (5.2)	36 (3.6)	46 (2.9)	18 (2.3)	74 (3.1)	32 (2.7)	64 (2.2)	35 (2.4)	60 (2.3)	28 (2.1)	21 (2.4)	12 (2.7)
Household income (pounds)
< 18000	475 (23.8)	266 (26.6)	359 (22.6)	217 (27.4)	607 (25.4)	330 (27.6)	842 (28.9)	418 (28.7)	796 (30.4)	414 (31.6)	286 (32.6)	165 (37.7)
18000-30999	377 (18.9)	212 (21.2)	346 (21.8)	167 (21.1)	521 (21.8)	244 (20.4)	718 (24.6)	370 (25.4)	673 (25.7)	341 (26.1)	227 (25.9)	106 (24.2)
31000-51999	372 (18.6)	179 (17.9)	313 (19.7)	143 (18.0)	415 (17.4)	205 (17.2)	493 (16.9)	245 (16.8)	402 (15.4)	199 (15.2)	120 (13.7)	55 (12.6)
52000-100000	256 (12.8)	113 (11.3)	234 (14.8)	106 (13.4)	298 (12.5)	151 (12.6)	301 (10.3)	149 (10.2)	220 (8.4)	106 (8.1)	52 (5.9)	23 (5.3)
> 100000	72 (3.6)	34 (3.4)	61 (3.8)	24 (3.0)	77 (3.2)	29 (2.4)	82 (2.8)	36 (2.5)	54 (2.1)	15 (1.1)	14 (1.6)	5 (1.1)
Unknown	132 (6.6)	76 (7.6)	70 (4.4)	56 (7.1)	122 (5.1)	83 (6.9)	117 (4.0)	71 (4.9)	126 (4.8)	71 (5.4)	44 (5.0)	24 (5.5)
Not answered	316 (15.8)	120 (12.0)	203 (12.8)	80 (10.1)	350 (14.6)	153 (12.8)	361 (12.4)	168 (11.5)	347 (13.3)	163 (12.5)	133 (15.2)	60 (13.7)
Physical activity (MET-minutes/week)	2225 ± 2087	2269 ± 2134	2154 ± 2019	2147 ± 2086	2206 ± 2023	2180 ± 2171	2433 ± 2190	2384 ± 2204	2410 ± 2206	2426 ± 2231	2591 ± 2341	2518 ± 2271
Alcohol consumption
Never	233 (11.7)	156 (15.6)	178 (11.2)	106 (13.4)	205 (8.6)	135 (11.3)	213 (7.3)	107 (7.3)	168 (6.4)	91 (7.0)	60 (6.8)	30 (6.8)
Previous	110 (5.5)	78 (7.8)	96 (6.1)	58 (7.3)	138 (5.8)	85 (7.1)	170 (5.8)	81 (5.6)	131 (5.0)	77 (5.9)	55 (6.3)	34 (7.8)
Current	1595 (79.8)	755 (75.5)	1283 (80.9)	623 (78.6)	2000 (83.7)	966 (80.8)	2509 (86.1)	1260 (86.5)	2294 (87.6)	1133 (86.6)	751 (85.7)	371 (84.7)
Missing	62 (3.1)	11 (1.1)	29 (1.8)	6 (0.8)	47 (2.0)	9 (0.8)	22 (0.8)	9 (0.6)	25 (1.0)	8 (0.6)	10 (1.1)	3 (0.7)
Smoking
Never	1089 (54.5)	591 (59.1)	778 (49.1)	405 (51.1)	1132 (47.4)	590 (49.4)	1271 (43.6)	648 (44.5)	1144 (43.7)	550 (42.0)	383 (43.7)	182 (41.6)
Former	581 (29.1)	260 (26.0)	563 (35.5)	258 (32.5)	946 (39.6)	458 (38.3)	1308 (44.9)	648 (44.5)	1220 (46.6)	632 (48.3)	410 (46.8)	222 (50.7)
Current	260 (13.0)	130 (13.0)	222 (14.0)	124 (15.6)	273 (11.4)	130 (10.9)	312 (10.7)	145 (10.0)	221 (8.4)	109 (8.3)	70 (8.0)	31 (7.1)
Missing	70 (3.5)	19 (1.9)	23 (1.5)	6 (0.8)	39 (1.6)	17 (1.4)	23 (0.8)	16 (1.1)	33 (1.3)	18 (1.4)	13 (1.5)	3 (0.7)
Sleep duration (h)
< 7	580 (29.0)	313 (31.3)	474 (29.9)	281 (35.4)	652 (27.3)	347 (29.0)	745 (25.6)	392 (26.9)	594 (22.7)	314 (24.0)	231 (26.4)	98 (22.4)
7-9	1274 (63.7)	625 (62.5)	1025 (64.6)	461 (58.1)	1604 (67.1)	782 (65.4)	2043 (70.1)	982 (67.4)	1880 (71.8)	923 (70.5)	610 (69.6)	320 (73.1)
> 9	64 (3.2)	39 (3.9)	48 (3.0)	37 (4.7)	72 (3.0)	42 (3.5)	90 (3.1)	63 (4.3)	102 (3.9)	55 (4.2)	23 (2.6)	11 (2.5)
Missing	82 (4.1)	23 (2.3)	39 (2.5)	14 (1.8)	62 (2.6)	24 (2.0)	36 (1.2)	20 (1.4)	42 (1.6)	17 (1.3)	12 (1.4)	9 (2.1)
BMI (kg/m²)	31.3 ± 6.7	31.2 ± 6.7	31.8 ± 6.6	32.0 ± 6.3	31.0 ± 6.1	31.3 ± 5.6	30.8 ± 5.5	30.9 ± 5.1	30.6 ± 5.5	30.6 ± 5.1	29.8 ± 4.9	30.1 ± 4.9
Cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.67 ± 1.01	4.62 ± 1.11	4.63 ± 1.00	4.59 ± 1.08	4.59 ± 0.95	4.58 ± 1.06	4.58 ± 0.95	4.52 ± 1.05	4.68 ± 0.95	4.61 ± 1.04	4.71 ± 0.96	4.68 ± 1.06
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.24 ± 0.31	1.23 ± 0.33	1.21 ± 0.31	1.22 ± 0.33	1.24 ± 0.30	1.24 ± 0.31	1.24 ± 0.31	1.24 ± 0.30	1.27 ± 0.30	1.26 ± 0.31	1.29 ± 0.32	1.27 ± 0.31
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.83 ± 0.75	2.81 ± 0.83	2.79 ± 0.72	2.78 ± 0.78	2.75 ± 0.68	2.76 ± 0.78	2.72 ± 0.68	2.70 ± 0.76	2.80 ± 0.69	2.76 ± 0.77	2.83 ± 0.71	2.82 ± 0.78
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.88 ± 1.28	1.92 ± 1.15	2.08 ± 1.47	2.07 ± 1.22	2.01 ± 1.37	2.00 ± 1.10	2.11 ± 1.41	2.10 ± 1.21	2.01 ± 1.21	2.02 ± 1.04	1.96 ± 1.19	1.98 ± 1.01
HbA1c (mmol/mol)	36.6 ± 5.3	53.5 ± 16.6²	36.6 ± 5.0	52.8 ± 15.6²	37.0 ± 4.9	51.2 ± 13.8²	37.1 ± 5.3	49.4 ± 12.5²	37.3 ± 7.0	47.4 ± 10.9²	37.6 ± 10.3	45.5 ± 9.6²
Hypertension	1058 (52.9)	528 (52.8)	971 (61.2)	480 (60.5)	1486 (62.2)	746 (62.4)	1883 (64.6)	930 (63.8)	1707 (65.2)	842 (64.3)	547 (62.4)	280 (63.9)
Heart disease	200 (10.0)	99 (9.9)	177 (11.2)	95 (12.0)	314 (13.1)	157 (13.1)	481 (16.5)	230 (15.8)	447 (17.1)	222 (17.0)	158 (18.0)	78 (17.8)
Depression	162 (8.1)	84 (8.4)	129 (8.1)	66 (8.3)	146 (6.1)	70 (5.9)	190 (6.5)	95 (6.5)	127 (4.9)	63 (4.8)	24 (2.7)	12 (2.7)

¹Age at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.

²Refers to significant difference between diabetes participants and controls. T-test was used to test the difference of continuous variables between diabetes participants and controls and Chi-square for categorical variables.

Data are means ± SD, or n (%). BMI: Body mass index; HbA1c: Glycosylated haemoglobin; MET: Metabolic equivalent.

Full Size Table

Citation: Ye ST, Shang XW, Huang Y, Zhu S, Zhu ZT, Zhang XL, Wang W, Tang SL, Ge ZY, Yang XH, He MG. Association of age at diagnosis of diabetes with subsequent risk of age-related ocular diseases and vision acuity. World J Diabetes 2024; 15(4): 697-711
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v15/i4/697.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v15.i4.697

Ye ST, Shang XW, Huang Y, Zhu S, Zhu ZT, Zhang XL, Wang W, Tang SL, Ge ZY, Yang XH, He MG. Association of age at diagnosis of diabetes with subsequent risk of age-related ocular diseases and vision acuity. World J Diabetes 2024; 15(4): 697-711 [PMID: 38680694 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i4.697]

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