Genipin relieves diabetic retinopathy by down-regulation of advanced glycation end products via the mitochondrial metabolism related signaling pathway

Figure 4 Genipin reduces retinal oxidant stress, glucose metabolism, and inflammation in streptozotocin-induced mice. A: Blood sugar levels of mice induced with streptozotocin (STZ) for 2 wk and 4 wk; B: Hematoxylin and eosin staining of STZ mouse retina; C: Retinal thickness in different eyes of STZ mice; D: Inflammatory factor expression measured by Western blot; E and F: Reactive oxygen species and 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) amino]-2-deoxy-d-glucose levels in STZ mice; G and F: RAGE, SCG3, and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in STZ mice. IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; NLRP₃: Nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing 3; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; MMP: Mitochondrial membrane potential; 2-NBDG: 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) amino]-2-deoxy-d-glucose; OS: Left eye, without genipin-treated; OD: Right eye, genipin-treated; GCL: Ganglion cell layer; INL: Inner nuclear layer; ONL: Outer nuclear layer.