Mechanisms of action of natural products on type 2 diabetes

Figure 2 The mechanism of natural products suppresses insulin resistance. The letters inside the black squares refer to natural products. A: Alpha-mangostin; B: Berberine; Bu: Butein; C: Caffeic acid; Cu: Curcumin; Cy: Cyanidin-3-glucoside; D: Dioscorea batatas extract; G: Gallic acid; Ge: Genistein; Gen: Geniposide; H: Hesperidin; I: Icarrin; K: Kaempferol; L: Leteolin; M: Mulberry anthocyanin extract; P: Paeoniflorin; Pu: Puerarin; Q: Quercetin; R: Resveratrol; CHOP: CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein; ER stress: Endoplasmic reticulum stress; FFA: Free fatty acids; FOXO: Forkhead box class O; GFR: Growth factor receptor; GR: Growth factor; IKK: Inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa B kinase; IL-1β: Interleukin 1β; IL-1: Interleukin 1; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; IRAK: Interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappa B; NO: Nitric oxide; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; ROS/RNS: Reactive oxygen/nitrogen species; STAT: Signal transducer and activator of transcription; STAT1: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TNFR: Tumor necrosis factor receptor.