Clopidogrel delays and can reverse diabetic nephropathy pathogenesis in type 2 diabetic db/db mice

Figure 4 Clopidogrel inhibits the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β in db/db mice. Data are shown as mean ± SD values of n = 6 per group. ^aP < 0.05 vs wild-type mice; ^bP < 0.05 vs db/db mice. A: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β gene expression, determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction; B: Immunohistochemical staining; C: Semi-quantitative analysis of TNF-α and IL-1β protein expression. WT: Wild type; db/db: db/db mice; Clo: Clopidogrel; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IL: Interleukin.