Considerations for management of patients with diabetes mellitus and acute COVID-19

Table 1 Principles of the management of patients with diabetes mellitus and acute coronavirus disease 2019

	Principles of the management
Blood glucose goals	Between 110 and 180 mg/dL in most patients. Less strict goals in patients at high risk for hypoglycemia
Monitoring of blood glucose levels	At least 4 times daily. More frequently in selected patients (e.g., in the intensive care unit)
Antidiabetic treatment	Insulin in most patients. Metformin and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors might be considered. Other antidiabetic agents should be avoided
Management of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients	Similar to non-diabetic patients. Patients receiving glucocorticoids or immunomodulatory agents should be carefully monitored for infections
Management of COVID-19 in the outpatient setting	Patients with symptomatic COVID-19 are eligible for treatment with monoclonal antibodies, remdesivir, nirmatrelvir-ritonavir or molnupiravir

COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.