Effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy for sleep disturbance and glycemic control in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A community-based randomized controlled trial in China

Table 2 Comparison of baseline characteristics of the intervention and control groups at baseline, 2 mo, 6 mo, and 12 mo

Variable	Baseline				2 mo				6 mo				12 mo
	CBT	Control	χ2/t value	P value	CBT	Control	χ2/t value	P value	CBT	Control	χ2/t value	P value	CBT	Control	χ2/t value	P value
Participant number	568	574	---	---	550	559			541	549	---	---	506	527	---	---
Gender (female)
Female	370	383	0.32	0.57	362	376	0.26	0.61	356	370	0.31	0.58	335	367	1.40	0.24
Age (mean + SD)	61.58 ± 9.17	61.83 ± 8.64	-0.46	0.65	61.75 ± 9.12	62.10 ± 8.86	-0.64	0.52	62.48 ± 9.14	62.75 ± 8.71	-0.50	0.62	62.87 ± 9.25	62.74 ± 8.87	0.23	0.82
Educational level
High school and above	53	56	0.42	0.81	51	56	0.38	0.83	47	56	1.09	0.58	41	50	1.00	0.61
Junior high school	240	251			234	243			231	240			208	223
High school and above	275	267			265	260			263	253			257	254
Hypertension	287	287	0.03	0.86	276	278	0.02	0.88	270	272	0.01	0.91	252	262	0.00	0.98
Comorbidities	109	118	0.34	0.56	109	114	0.06	0.81	107	110	0.01	0.92	91	110	1.37	0.24
BMI	24.77± 4.15	25.20± 4.94	-1.60	0.11	24.99 ± 4.48	25.00 ± 4.94	-0.06	0.96	24.71 ± 4.09	25.22 ± 5.01	-1.84	0.07	24.76 ± 4.00	25.28 ± 5.02	-1.84	0.07
Drinking	55	66	0.99	0.32	55	65	0.76	0.38	54	64	0.79	0.37	46	49	0.01	0.91
Smoking	80	92	0.84	0.36	79	88	0.41	0.52	76	86	0.56	0.45	64	69	0.05	0.83
Course of the disease (yr)	5.07 ± 5.25	5.21 ± 4.91	0.56	0.64	5.20 ± 5.06	5.41 ± 5.36	-0.66	0.51	5.53 ± 5.21	5.66 ± 4.76	-0.43	0.67	6.03 ± 5.28	6.20 ± 4.68	-0.52	0.60
Medication
Oral hypoglycemic agents	491	483	1.56	0.46	476	470	1.76	0.42	472	465	1.72	0.42	448	444	5.96	0.05
Insulin	45	49			42	46			39	44			37	43
Oral hypoglycemic agents plus insulin	32	42			32	43			30	40			21	40
GAD-7 score	7.56 ± 5.20	7.58 ± 5.25	-0.04	0.97	7.47 ± 5.23	7.22 ± 5.48	0.76	0.45	7.53 ± 5.65	7.14 ± 5.93	1.10	0.27	7.14 ± 5.68	6.34 ± 5.56	2.27	0.02
PHQ-9 score	7.13 ± 5.53	6.94 ± 5.47	0.59	0.55	7.23 ± 5.36	7.00 ± 5.02	0.73	0.46	7.21 ± 5.48	6.74 ± 5.21	1.44	0.15	7.20 ± 5.45	6.10 ± 4.97	3.39	0.00

Data presented as n or the mean ± SD. CBT: Cognitive behavioral therapy; BMI: Body mass index; GAD-7: General anxiety disorder; PHQ-9: Patient health questionnaire-9.