Role of ferroptosis in the process of diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction

Figure 1 Effects of high glucose and interleukin-1β on ferroptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. A: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with normal glucose (5 mmol/L) or high glucose (30 mmol/L) and interleukin-1β (10 ng/mL). After treatment for 48 h, representative phase-contrast microscopy images of human umbilical vein endothelial cells were obtained and cell viability was determined using Cell Counting Kit-8. Scale bar: 100 μm; B: The protein levels of glutathione peroxidase 4, FTH1, and cyclooxygenase-2 were determined using Western blot assays. β-actin was used for normalization; C: The generation of reactive oxygen species was determined by the BODIPY™ 581/591 C11. To maintain constant isotonicity or osmolality, normal glucose (5 mmol/L) medium was supplemented with D-mannitol (25 mmol/L, final concentration) in the current study. ^aP < 0.05 vs the control group. ^bP < 0.01 vs the control group.