Diabetes patients with comorbidities had unfavorable outcomes following COVID-19: A retrospective study

Table 7 Treatments and outcomes of diabetic coronavirus disease 2019 patients using metformin and matched non-metformin, acarbose and matched non-acarbose

	Metformin (n = 50)	Matched non-Metformin (n = 50)	Acarbose (n = 46)	Matched non-acarbose (n = 46)
Treatments
Antiviral therapy	49 (98.0)	42 (84.0)a	41 (89.1)	43 (93.5)
Antibiotic therapy	45 (90.0)	37 (74.0)a	40 (87.0)	40 (87.0)
systemic glucocorticoids	17 (34.0)	16 (32.0)	12 (26.1)	22 (47.8)e
Intravenous immunoglobulin	15 (30.0)	11 (22.0)	11 (23.9)	22 (47.8)e
Renal replacement therapy	0 (0.0)	1 (2.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Insulin	26 (52.0)	10 (20.0)b	23 (50.0)	39 (84.8)g
Metformin	50	0	21 (45.7)	15 (32.6)
Sulfonylurea	18 (36.0)	1 (2.0)c	17 (37.0)	8 (17.4)e
DPP-4 inhibitor	3 (6.0)	0 (0.0)	3 (6.5)	3 (6.5)
Acarbose	28 (56.0)	3 (6.0)c	46 (100.0)	0 (0.0)
thiazolidinedione	6 (12.0)	0 (0.0)a	4 (8.7)	0 (0.0)
Oxygen support
Oxygenation	32 (64.0)	21 (42.0)	30 (65.2)	30 (65.2)
Mechanical ventilation	6 (12.0)	11 (22.0)	3 (6.5)	10 (21.7)e
Illness severity
Severe	14 (28.0)	21 (42.0)	12 (26.1)	18 (39.1)
Complications
ARDS	4 (8.0)	8 (16.0)	1 (2.2)	8 (17.4)e
ACI	1 (2.0)	4 (8.0)	2 (4.3)	6 (13.0)
AKI	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	2 (4.3)
Secondary infection	8 (16.0)	5 (10.0)	0 (0.0)	2 (4.3)
Shock	1 (2.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (2.2)	10 (21.7)e
Hypoproteinemia < 30 g/L	9 (18.0)	5 (10.0)	10 (21.7)	6 (13.0)
Coagulopathy	6 (12.0)	9 (18.0)	8 (17.4)	10 (21.7)
Length of hospital stay, d	17.60 ± 8.74	16.80 ± 10.51	18.37 ± 8.15	16.52 ± 9.96
ICU admission	6 (12.0)	6 (12.0)	3 (6.5)	8 (17.4)
Duration from admission to ICU, d	3.83 ± 2.04	2.83 ± 2.14	6.00 (3.50-6.00)	2.50 (2.00-5.00)
Prognosis
Discharged	47 (94)	41 (82)	45 (97.8)	34 (73.9)f
Death	3 (6.0)	9 (18)	1 (2.2)	12 (26.1)

Data are expressed as n (%), mean ± SD or median (IQR). P values were calculated by t Test, Mann-Whitney U test, χ² test, Fisher’s exact test as appropriate.

Comparison of metformin users and non-users:

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

Comparison of acarbose users and non-users:

^eP < 0.05.

^fP < 0.01.

^gP < 0.001.

ACI: Acute cardiac injury; AKI: Acute kidney injury; ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome.