Diabetes patients with comorbidities had unfavorable outcomes following COVID-19: A retrospective study

Table 6 Laboratory results of diabetic coronavirus disease 2019 patients using metformin or acarbose and matched non-metformin or non-acarbose inhibitor user

	Metformin (n = 50)	Matched non-Metformin (n = 50)	Acarbose (n = 46)	Matched non-acarbose (n = 46)
WBC, × 109/L	6.33 ± 2.25	6.27 ± 2.62	4.83 (4.04-6.68)	5.91 (4.42-9.35)c
NEUT, × 109/L	4.20 (3.02-5.18)	4.17 (3.21-5.87)	3.50 (2.48-4.74)	4.60 (3.14-8.13)
LY, × 109/L	1.20 (0.69-1.74)	1.14 (0.82-1.50)	1.19 ± 0.55	1.04 ± 0.53
NLR	3.69 (2.11-6.05)	3.74 (2.47-5.55)	3.25 (2.05-4.41)	4.88 (2.50-12.32)d
Hb, g/L	126.0 ± 15.7	126.5 ± 14.9	126.0 ± 16.9	129.3 ± 17.3
PLT, × 109/L	229.5 ± 93.5	208.5 ± 103.8	233.0 ± 93.2	214.2 ± 99.7
PCT, ng/mL
< 0.5	43 (100.0)	34 (91.9)	37 (100.0)	34 (87.2)
≥ 0.5	0 (0.0)	3 (8.1)	0 (0.0)	5 (12.8)
CRP	50.7 (5.0-78.0)	46.5 (6.3-106.8)	26.2 (3.7-52.2)	63.8 (10.8-83.4)c
IL-6, pg/mL	2.07 (1.50-4.90)	3.20 (1.68-67.28)	2.58 (1.50-5.06)	19.88 (1.95-67.28)
PT, s	13.5 ± 2.7	14.2 ± 2.2	14.1 ± 2.6	14.2 ± 3.2
< 16	37 (86.0)	31 (79.5)	30 (78.9)	27 (73.0)
≥ 16	6 (14.0)	8 (20.5)	8 (21.1)	10 (27.0)
D-dimer, mg/L	0.45 (0.26-1.19)	0.83 (0.33-1.60)	0.59 (0.33-0.98)	0.96 (0.39-5.40)
≤ 0.5	22 (52.4)	13 (33.3)	18 (42.9)	12 (33.3)
> 0.5 to ≤ 1.0	6 (14.3)	11 (28.2)	15 (35.7)	7 (19.4)
> 1.0	14 (33.3)	15 (38.5)	9 (21.4)	17 (47.2)
ALB, g/L	35.7 ± 5.9	35.8 ± 5.5	35.7 ± 6.5	35.1 ± 4.8
ALT, U/L	20.0 (13.5-27.5)	22.0 (17.0-36.0)	20.0 (14.0-31.0)	23.00 (14.00-33.25)
AST, U/L	25.5 (18.5-33.7)	29.0 (20.0-42.0)	23.0 (17.5-36.4)	31.0 (21.5-39.6)
ALP, U/L	51.0 (37.0-71.0)	54.0 (44.0-68.0)	59.5 24.6	61.5 25.5
TBIL, mmol/L	12.2 ± 5.4	13.4 ± 16.2	11.5 ± 4.8	13.5 ± 5.4
Potassium, mmol/L	3.81 ± 0.46	3.77 ± 0.54	3.90 ± 0.50	3.82 ± 0.63
Sodium, mmol/L	137.9 ± 3.9	138.2 ± 4.1	138. 5 ± 3.8	138.1 ± 4.7
Chlorine ion, mmol/L	103.3 ± 4.5	103.4 ± 5.0	103.2 ± 4.6	103.7 ± 5.3
Calcium, mmol/L	2.14 ± 0.22	2.05 ± 0.18a	2.12 ± 0.22	2.08 ± 0.19
Phosphorus, mmol/L	1.02 (0.83-1.21)	0.99 (0.87-1.17)	1.07( 0.88-1.21)	1.00 (0.77-1.21)
BUN，mmol/L	4.40 (3.67-4.84)	5.20 (3.50-5.75)	4.16 (3.60-5.18)	5.04 (3.80-6.64)
Creatinine, μmol/L	54.0 (49.0-73.7)	60.0 (52.5-90.3)	59.5 (48.8-74.5)	68.0 (55.0-89.3)
UA, μmol/L	266.5 ± 96.6	260.9 ± 98.7	229 (168-263)	258 (179-324)
CK, U/L	64.0 (49.0-84. 0)	82.0 (39.0-135.3)	53.5 (35.5-73.8)	71.0 (40.0-114.0)
LDH, U/L	237 ± 115	304 ± 162a	229 (185-263)	267 (181-446)
Hs-cTnI > ULN , pg/mL	0/24 (0.0)	3/15 (20.0)	1/21 (4.8)	2/26 (7.7)
TG, mmol/L	1.55 (1.15-1.82)	1.32 (1.08-3.40)	1.36 (1.05-1.83)	1.15 (0.94-1.61)
TCH, mmol/L	3.91 ± 0.87	3.80 ± 0.92	4.40 ± 1.14	4.04 ± 0.96
LDL-C, mmol/L	2.40 ± 0.73	2.43 ± 0.78	2.84 ± 0.87	2.57 ± 0.83
HDL-C, mmol/L	0.93 ± 0.22	0.88 ± 0.28	0.98 ± 0.27	0.93 ± 0.23
FPG, mmol/L	10.57 ± 4.92	8.32 ± 2.47b	9.92 ± 4.90	10.00 ± 4.26
3.9-6.9	11 (44.0)	13 (38.2)	12 (30.8)	8 (22.2)
7.0-11.1	13 (52.0)	21 (61.8)	13 (33.3)	16 (44.4)
≥ 11.1	1 (4.0)	0 (0.0)	14 (35.9)	12 (33.3)
HbA1C	7.96 ± 1.85	6.71 ± 1.94	7.85 ± 1.78	8.25 ± 2.04

Data are expressed as n (%), mean ± SD or median (IQR). P values were calculated by t Test, Mann-Whitney U test, χ² test, Fisher’s exact test as appropriate.

Comparison of metformin users and non-users:

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

Comparison of acarbose users and non-users:

^cP < 0.05.

^dP < 0.01.

ALB: Albumin; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; BUN: Urea nitrogen; CK: Creatine kinase; CRP: C reactive protein; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; Hb: Hemoglobin; HbA1C: Glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL-C: High density lipoprotein cholesterol; Hs-cTnI: Hypersensitive troponin I; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; LDL-C: Low density lipoprotein cholesterol; LY: Lymphocyte; NEUT: Neutrophil; NLR: Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio; PCT: Procalcitonin; PLT: Platelet; PT: Prothrombin time; TBIL: Total bilirubin; TCH: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; UA: Uric acid; WBC: White blood cell.