Diabetes patients with comorbidities had unfavorable outcomes following COVID-19: A retrospective study

Table 5 Treatments and outcomes of diabetic survivors and non-survivors with coronavirus disease 2019

	Total (n = 191)	Survivors (n = 165)	Non-survivors (n = 26)	P value
Treatments
Antiviral therapy	170 (89.0)	149 (90.3)	21 (80.8)	0.268
Antibiotic therapy	160 (83.8)	139 (84.2)	21 (80.8)	0.873
Systemic glucocorticoids	74 (38.7)	55 (33.3)	19 (73.1)	< 0.001
Intravenous immunoglobulin	60 (31.4)	50 (30.3)	10 (38.5)	0.405
Renal replacement therapy	1 (0.5)	0 (0.0)	1 (3.8)	0.136
Insulin	88 (46.1)	75 (45.5)	13 (50.0)	0.666
Metformin	54 (28.3)	51 (30.9)	3 (11.5)	0.041
Sulfonylurea	37 (19.4)	36 (21.8)	1 (3.8)	0.031
DPP-4 inhibitor	11 (5.8)	10 (6.1)	1 (3.8)	1.000
Acarbose	77 (40.3)	75 (45.5)	2 (7.7)	< 0.001
Thiazolidinedione	7 (3.7)	7 (4.2)	0 (0.0)	0.596
Oxygen support
Oxygenation	115 (60.2)	95 (57.6)	20 (76.9)	0.061
Mechanical ventilation	35 (18.3)	15 (9.1)	20 (76.9)	< 0.001
Illness severity
Severe	63 (33.0)	37 (33.7)	26 (100)	< 0.001
Complications
ARDS	21 (11.0)	5 (3.0)	16 (61.5)	< 0.001
ACI	16 (8.4)	9 (5.5)	7 (26.9)	0.001
AKI	3 (1.6)	1 (0.6)	2 (7.7)	0.049
Secondary infection	22 (11.5)	10 (6.1)	12 (46.2)	< 0.001
Shock	3 (1.6)	0 (0.0)	3 (11.5)	0.002
Hypoproteinemia < 30 g/L	28 (14.7)	22 (13.3)	6 (23.1)	0.314
Coagulopathy	36 (18.8)	26 (15.8)	10 (38.5)	0.013
Length of hospital stay, d	16.0 (10.0-25.0)	18.0 (11.5-26.0)	7.0 (3.0-11.0)	< 0.001
ICU admission	22 (11.5)	11 (6.7)	11 (42.3)	< 0.001
Duration from admission to ICU, d	4.00 ± 3.51	3.91 ± 3.11	4.09 ± 4.01	0.907

Data are expressed as n (%), mean ± SD or median (IQR). P values were calculated by t Test, Mann-Whitney U test, χ² test, Fisher’s exact test as appropriate. Comparing groups of diabetic survivors and non-survivors. ACI: Acute cardiac injury; AKI: Acute kidney injury; ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome.