Diabetes patients with comorbidities had unfavorable outcomes following COVID-19: A retrospective study

Table 4 Laboratory results of diabetic survivors and non-survivors with coronavirus disease 2019

	Total (n = 191)	Survivors (n = 165)	Non-survivors (n = 26)	P value
WBC, × 109per L	5.94 (4.49-7.53)	5.91 (4.42-7.29)	7.26(5.19-13.07)	0.016
NEUT, × 109per L	4.25 (3.13-5.37)	4.09 (3.01-5.13)	6.22 (3.69-11.33)	< 0.001
LY, × 109per L	1.04 (0.72-1.43)	1.08 (0.78-1.48)	0.65 (0.56-1.07)	< 0.001
NLR	3.85 (2.45-6.37)	3.50 (2.33-5.53)	10.43 (5.78-16.84)	< 0.001
Hb, g/L	127.3 ± 16.9	126.8 ± 16.7	131.6 ± 18.3	0.314
PLT, × 109per L	196 (147-255)	201 (152-201)	155 (110-230)	0.033
PCT, ng/mL
< 0.5	143 (94.7)	132 (98.5)	11 (64.7)	< 0.001
≥ 0.5	8 (5.3)	2 (1.5)	6 (35.3)
CRP	29.8 (5.5-75.9)	25.4 (4.4-63.0)	115.3 (66.1-170.6)	< 0.001
IL-6, pg/mL	3.31 (1.64-17.49)	3.09 (1.50-5.25)	83.47 (35.75-243.60)	< 0.001
PT, s	14.30 (11.90-15.50)	14.00 (11.60-15.40)	16.20 (13.52-18.92)	0.002
< 16	116 (76.8)	110 (81.5)	6 (37.5)	< 0.001
≥ 16	35 (23.2)	25 (18.5)	10 (62.5)
D-dimer, mg/L	0.69 (0.35-1.35)	0.62 (0.62-1.09)	5.40 (1.50-21.00)	< 0.001
≤ 0.5	58 (37.9)	57 (41.9)	1 (5.9)	< 0.001
> 0.5 to ≤ 1.0	46 (30.1)	43 (31.6)	3 (17.6)
> 1.0	49 (32.0)	36 (26.5)	13 (76.5)
ALB, g/L	35.7 ± 5.5	36.0 ± 30.5	33.5 ± 23.4	0.031
ALT, U/L	23.0 (16.0-34.0)	21.3 (15.3-32.3)	31.0 (20.9-46.6)	0.008
AST, U/L	29.0 (20.0-41.0)	27.0 (19.0-38.7)	43.0 (31.0-60.5)	< 0.001
ALP, U/L	55.0 (43.5-74.0)	55.0 (41.5-73.0)	57.0 (49.5-89.5)	0.241
TBIL, mmol/L	11.3 (8.3-15.7)	11.4 (9.0-15.1)	11.2 (7.6-28.0)	0.642
Potassium, mmol/L	3.88 (3.52-4.21)	3.90 (3.54-4.21)	3.65 (3.37-4.30)	0.381
Sodium, mmol/L	138.4 ± 4.3	138.2 ± 3.9	139.3 ± 6.4	0.418
Chlorine ion, mmol/L	103.5 ± 4.9	103.2 ± 4.7	105.3 ± 6.0	0.052
Calcium, mmol/L	2.09 (1.95-2.17)	2.10 (1.95-2.20)	2.00 (1.89-2.11)	0.042
Phosphorus, mmol/L	1.01 (0.86-1.18)	1.02 (0.87-1.19)	0.93 (0.76-1.18)	0.268
BUN, mmol/L	4.70 (3.60-6.22)	4.5 (3.59-5.82)	6.51 (4.92-17.45)	< 0.001
Creatinine, μmol/L	66.3 (54.0-83.8)	64.0 (44.6-81.0)	73.0 (64.0-129.6)	0.006
UA, μmol/L	258 (193-332)	258 (147-321)	293 (179-428)	0.286
CK, U/L	66.5 (40.3-117.8)	61.0 (36.5-111.0)	85.0 (71.0-364.0)	0.002
LDH, U/L	229 (180-341)	216 (172-219)	522 (420-611)	< 0.001
Hs-cTnI > ULN, pg/mL	10/88 (11.4)	8/72 (11.1)	2/16 (12.5)	1.000
TG, mmol/L	1.39 (1.04-1.83)	1.41 (1.05-1.98)	1.31 (0.99-1.57)	0.398
TCH, mmol/L	4.04 ± 1.10	4.12 ± 1.06	3.39 ± 1.16	0.009
LDL-C, mmol/L	2.54 ± 0.90	2.59 ± 0.88	2.10 ± 0.93	0.036
HDL-C, mmol/L	0.94 ± 0.26	0.94 ± 0.26	0.89 ± 0.33	0.450
FPG, mmol/L	9.10 (6.50-11.72)	8.70 (6.50-11.36)	12.00 (9.40-16.81)	0.011
3.9-6.9	43 (27.7)	40 (28.6)	3 (20.0)	0.0691
7.0-11.1	61 (39.4)	58 (41.4)	3 (20.0)
≥ 11.1	51 (32.9)	42 (30.0)	9 (60.0)
HbA1C	7.77 ± 1.97	7.61 ± 1.90	9.53 ± 2.02	0.021

Data are expressed as n (%), mean ± SD or median (IQR). P values were calculated by t Test, Mann-Whitney U test, χ² test, Fisher’s exact test as appropriate.

¹Mann-Whitney U test comparing all subcategories.

P: Comparing groups of diabetic survivors and non-survivors; ALB: Albumin; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; BUN: Urea nitrogen; CK: Creatine kinase; CRP: C reactive protein; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; Hb: Hemoglobin; HbA1C: Glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL-C: High density lipoprotein cholesterol; Hs-cTnI: Hypersensitive troponin I; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; LDL-C: Low density lipoprotein cholesterol; LY: Lymphocyte; NEUT: Neutrophil; NLR: Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio; PCT: Procalcitonin; PLT: Platelet; PT: Prothrombin time; TBIL: Total bilirubin; TCH: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; UA: Uric acid; WBC: White blood cell.