Diabetes patients with comorbidities had unfavorable outcomes following COVID-19: A retrospective study

Table 2 Laboratory results of 1331 coronavirus disease 2019 patients divided into different groups

	Total (n = 1331)	Non-diabetes (n = 1140)	Diabetes (n = 191)	P1 value	Non-comorbidity (n = 779)	Diabetes only (n = 65)	Diabetes with comorbidities (n = 126)	P2 value
WBC, × 109/L	5.42 (4.18-7.10)	5.35 (4.10-6.95)	5.93 (4.49-7.53)	0.003	5.28 (4.00-6.77)	6.11 (4.27-7.68)	5.85 (4.57-7.32)	0.001
NEUT, × 109/L	3.58 (2.53-5.12)	3.45 (2.46-5.07)	4.25 (3.13-5.37)	< 0.001	3.29 (2.33-4.64)	4.16 (2.67-5.40)	4.37 (3.20-5.29)	< 0.001
LY, × 109/L	1.15 (0.78-1.59)	1.17 (0.80-1.61)	1.04 (0.72-1.43)	0.015	1.25 (0.86-1.65)	1.27 (0.84-1.73)	0.93 (0.68-1.33)b	< 0.001
NLR	2.95 (1.97-5.26)	2.79 (1.88-4.93)	3.84 (2.45-6.37)	< 0.001	2.54 (1.79-4.36)	3.15 (2.08-5.06)	4.29 (2.62-7.30)a	< 0.001
Hb, g/L	130 (118-140)	130 (118-140)	120 (117-140)	0.195	131 ± 16.3	132 ± 14.4	125 ± 17.6b	< 0.001
PLT, × 109/L	196 (150-251)	196 (151-251)	196 (147-255)	0.714	196 (152-242)	197 (147-265)	196 (146-255)	0.974
PCT, ng/mL
< 0.5	981 (94.4)	838 (94.4)	143 (94.7)	0.869	585 (97.3)	53 (100)	90 (91.8)	0.006
≥ 0.5	58 (5.6)	50 (5.6)	8 (5.3)		16 (2.7)	0 (0.0)	8 (8.2)
CRP	10.9 (1.7-46.7)	9.1 (1.4-39.0)	29.8 (5.3-75.7)	< 0.001	6.11 (1.0-27.7)a	13.2 (3.0-61.5)	39.9 (6.6-77.7)a	< 0.001
IL-6, pg/mL	2.77 (1.5-14.09)	2.73 (1.5-13.5)	3.09 (1.5-20.4)	0.471	1.80 (1.50-6.27)	2.32 (1.50-5.06)	4.01 (2.72-28.56)	0.008
PT, s	13.0 (11.3-14.9)	12.9 (11.3-14.6)	14.3 (11.9-15.5)	< 0.001	12.80 (11.20-14.30)	13.70 (10.80-15.05)	14.50 (12.35-16.03)	< 0.001
< 16	830 (85.7)	712 (87.1)	118 (78.1)	0.004	493 (87.7)	41 (83.7)	75 (73.5)	0.001
≥ 16	138 (14.3)	105 (12.9)	33 (21.9)		69 (12.3)	8 (16.3)	27 (26.5)
D-dimer, mg/L	0.49 (0.26-1.14)	0.46 (0.25-1.10)	0.69 (0.35-1.35)	< 0.001	0.38 (0.23-0.80)	0.46 (0.26-0.91)	0.83 (0.46-1.94)b	< 0.001
≤ 0.5	555 (52.5)	497 (55.0)	58 (37.9)	< 0.001	386 (63.4)	27 (50.9)	31 (31.0)b	< 0.0013
> 0.5 to ≤ 1.0	209 (19.8)	163 (18.0)	46 (30.1)		100 (16.4)	18 (34.0)	28 (28.0)
> 1.0	293 (27.7)	244 (27.0)	49 (32.0)		123 (20.2)	8 (15.1)	41 (41.0)
ALB, g/L	38.1 ± 5.8	38.5 ± 5.7	35.7 ± 5.5	< 0.001	39.3 ± 5.9c	36.5 ± 6.4	35.3 ± 5.0	< 0.001
ALT, U/L	23.1 (14.2-39.0)	23.3 (14.0-40.0)	23.0 (16.0-34.0)	0.844	22.0 (13.8-39.0)	21.0 (16.3-33.5)	24.0 (15.9-34.0)	0.801
AST, U/L	28.8 (22.0-40.4)	28.8 (22.0-40.0)	29.0 (20.0-41.0)	0.583	27.0 (21.0-38.0)	26.0 (18.2-36.5)	31.0 (22.0-43.0)a	0.034
ALP, U/L	58.0 (46.0-73.0)	58.0 (46.0-73.0)	55.0 (43.5-74.0)	0.171	58.0 (45.0-72.0)	53.0 (38.0-68.5)	58.0 (45.0-77.0)	0.086
TBIL, mmol/L	10.9 (8.2-14.7)	10.8 (8.2-14.5)	11.4 (8.3-15.7)	0.196	10.8 (8.2-14.7)	11.4 (9.5-14.8)	11.3 (8.0-15.8)	0.429
Potassium, mmol/L	3.90 (3.59-4.20)	3.90 (3.60-4.20)	3.88 (3.52-4.21)	0.325	3.94 ± 0.51	3.94 ± 0.49	3.86 ± 0.62	0.279
Sodium, mmol/L	139 (137-141)	140 (137-141)	138 (136-141)	0.001	140 (138-141)a	138 (136-141)	139 (136-142)	0.002
Chlorine ion, mmol/L	104 (102-107)	105 (102-107)	103 (100-106)	0.002	104.2 ± 5.3	103.1 ± 4.5	103.7 ± 5.1	0.218
Calcium, mmol/L	2.11 (2.00-2.21)	2.12 (2.01-2.21)	2.09 (1.95-2.17)	0.005	2.13 ± 0.22	2.11 ± 0.22	2.07 ± 0.18	0.011
Phosphorus, mmol/L	1.03 (0.89-1.19)	1.03 (0.89-1.19)	1.01 (0.73-1.18)	0.359	1.04 (0.90-1.19)	1.03 (0.92-1.17)	1.00 (0.85-1.19)	0.300
BUN, mmol/L	3.96 (3.10-5.25)	3.90 (3.10-5.13)	4.68 (3.60-6.20)	< 0.001	3.70 (2.96-4.66)a	4.30 (3.51-5.07)	4.93 (3.60-7.01)	< 0.001
Creatinine, μmol/L	63.6 (53.3-78.0)	63.0 (53.0-77.4)	66.3 (54.0-83.8)	0.088	62.00 (52.70-73.00)	60.00 (52.00-76.60)	67.75 (55.25-90.23)a	< 0.001
UA, μmol/L	258 (204-336)	257 (205-336)	258 (193-332)	0.725	253 (203-327)	248 (194-306)	264 (191-352)	0.499
CK, U/L	65.0 (43.0-110)	64.5 (44.0-109)	66.5 (40.3-118)	0.830	62.0 (44.0-98.0)	58.5 (36.8-108)	70.0 (43.8-122)	0.233
LDH, U/L	205 (162-272)	201 (160-261)	229 (180-341)	< 0.001	186 (155-239)	198 (164-282)	251 (195-362)a	< 0.001
Hs-cTnI > ULN, pg/mL	130 (22.1)	117 (23.4)	13 (14.90)	0.080	71 (23.5)	3 (12.5)	6 (9.5)	0.027
TG, mmol/L	1.22 (0.92-1.78)	1.20 (0.89-1.77)	1.39 (1.04-1.83)	0.002	1.18 (0.86-1.77)	1.50 (1.05-2.08)	1.36 (1.03-1.79)a	0.004
TCH, mmol/L	4.00 (3.40-4.80)	4.01 (3.42-4.80)	4.00 (3.22-4.78)	0.180	4.25 ± 1.09	4.34 ± 1.07	3.88 ± 1.08a	0.004
LDL-C, mmol/L	2.50 (3.00-3.12)	2.51 (2.02-3.10)	2.48 (1.87-3.15)	0.368	2.65 ± 0.89	2.76 ± 0.91	2.41 ± 0.87a	0.020
HDL-C, mmol/L	1.01 (0.82-1.21)	1.03 (0.84-1.24)	0.91 (0.76-1.08)	< 0.001	1.11 ± 0.42a	0.97 ± 0.26	0.92 ± 0.27	< 0.001
FPG, mmol/L	5.80 (5.00-7.46)	5.57 (4.92-6.89)	9.10 (6.50-11.63)	< 0.001	5.37 (4.83-6.50)c	9.40 (6.48-11.59)	8.80 (6.50-12.03)	< 0.001
3.9-6.9	693 (69.0)	650 (76.7)	43 (27.6)	< 0.001	475 (80.2)c	17 (29.8))	26 (26.3)	< 0.0013
7.0-11.1	241 (24.0)	179 (21.1)	62 (39.7)		108 (18.2)	22 (38.6)	40 (40.4)
≥ 11.1	70 (7.0)	19 (2.2)	51 (32.7)		9 (1.5)	18 (31.6)	33 (33.3)
HbA1C	6.20 (5.55-7.30)	5.90 (5.40-6.30)	7.87 (6.27-9.03)	< 0.001	5.9 (5.44-6.20)b	7.60 (5.64-8.98)	7.89 (6.75-9.21)	< 0.001

Data are expressed as n (%), mean ± SD or median (IQR). P values were calculated by t Test, Mann-Whitney U test, χ² test, Fisher’s exact test, One-Way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis H test as appropriate.

¹Comparing groups of diabetes and non-diabetes patients.

²Comparing groups of non-comorbidity, only diabetes and diabetes with comorbidities.

³Mann-Whitney U test comparing all subcategories.

Compared with diabetes only group,

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.05.

^cP < 0.001.

ALB: Albumin; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; BUN: Urea nitrogen; CK: Creatine kinase; CRP: C reactive protein; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; Hb: Hemoglobin; HbA1C: Glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL-C: High density lipoprotein cholesterol; Hs-cTnI: Hypersensitive troponin I; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; LDL-C: Low density lipoprotein cholesterol; LY: Lymphocyte; NEUT: Neutrophil; NLR: Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio; PCT: Procalcitonin; PLT: Platelet; PT: Prothrombin time; TBIL: Total bilirubin; TCH: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; UA: Uric acid; WBC: White blood cell.