Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease risk factors in patients with type 1 diabetes: A single-center experience

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study cohort (1998)

	All, n = 170	Males, n = 86	Females, n = 84	P value
Age in yr	12.6 ± 5.6	12.4 ± 6.0	12.6 ± 5.1	0.854
Age at diabetes diagnosis	8.1 ± 4.4	8.0 ± 4.7	8.2 ± 4.1	0.735
Diabetes duration	4.4 ± 4.0	4.4 ± 4.2	4.3 ± 3.8	0.828
HbA1c, %	8.4 ± 1.4	8.6 ± 1.4	8.2 ± 1.4	0.064
HbA1c in mmol/L	68.3	70.5	66.1
Pubertal stage, n (%)
Tanner 1	79 (46.5)	47 (54.7)	32 (38.1)	0.291
Tanner 2	11 (6.5)	4 (4.7)	7 (8.3)
Tanner 3	19 (11.2)	8 (9.3)	11 (13.1)
Tanner 4	12 (7.1)	5 (5.8)	7 (8.3)
Tanner 5	49 (28.8)	22 (25.6)	27 (32.1)
Menarche		NA	48 (57.1)
Age at menarche		NA	13.3 ± 1.3
Ethnicity, n (%)
Ashkenazi Jew	102 (60.0)	47 (54.7)	55 (65.5)	0.120
North African Jew	19 (11.2)	7 (8.1)	12 (14.3)
Oriental Jew	19 (11.2)	10 (11.6)	9 (10.7)
Yemenite Jew	16 (9.4)	12 (14)	4 (4.8)
Ethiopian Jew	4 (2.4)	2 (2.3)	2 (2.4)
Arab	10 (5.9)	8 (9.3)	2 (2.4)
Cardiovascular disease risk factors in patients, n (%)
Overweight	20 (11.8)	9 (10.5)	11 (13.1)	0.864
Obesity	8 (4.7)	4 (4.7)	4 (4.8)
Systolic pre-hypertension, ≥ 90th to the 95th percentile	15 (8.8)	8 (9.3)	7 (8.3)	0.336
Systolic stage 1 hypertension, ≥ 95th to the < 99th percentile	19 (11.2)	12 (14)	7 (8.3)
Systolic stage 2 hypertension, ≥ 99th percentile	8 (4.7)	5 (5.8)	3 (3.6)
Diastolic pre-hypertension, ≥ 90th to the 95th percentile	3 (1.8)	2 (2.3)	1 (1.2)	0.670
Diastolic stage 1 hypertension, ≥ 95th to the < 99th percentile	7 (4.1)	3 (3.5)	4 (4.8)
Diastolic stage 2 hypertension, ≥ 99th percentile	1 (0.6)	1 (1.2)	0 (0)
Pre-hypertension, systolic and/or diastolic ≥ 90th to the 95th percentile	15 (8.8)	9 (10.5)	6 (7.1)	0.426
Stage 1 hypertension, systolic and/or diastolic ≥ 95th to the < 99th percentile	23 (13.5)	12 (14)	11 (13.1)
Stage 2 hypertension, systolic and/or diastolic ≥ 99th percentile	9 (5.3)	6 (7)	3 (3.6)
Lipid profile1	n = 144	n = 71	n = 73
LDL-c, n (%)				0.049
< 75th percentile	63 (43.8)	27 (38)	36 (49.3)
75th-90th percentile	47 (32.6)	21 (29.6)	26 (35.6)
Borderline elevated 90th-95th percentile	10 (6.9)	7 (8.1)	3 (4.1)
Elevated > 95th	24 (16.7)	16 (18.6)	8 (11)
Triglycerides, n (%)				0.393
< 75th percentile	31 (21.5)	12 (16.9)	19 (26)
75th-90th percentile	59 (41)	30 (42.3)	29 (39.7)
Borderline elevated 90th-95th percentile	16 (11.1)	7 (9.9)	9 (12.3)
Elevated > 95th	38 (26.3)	22 (30.9)	16 (21.9)
HDL-c, n (%)				0.728
Normal level > 10th percentile	127 (88.2)	62 (87.3)	65 (89%)
Borderline low 5th -10th percentile	9 (6.2)	4 (5.6)	5 (6.8)
Low level < 5th percentile	8 (5.5)	5 (6.9)	3 (4.1)
Positive family history of cardiovascular risk factors in a first-degree relative, n (%)
Cardiovascular disease risk factors
Type 2 diabetes	51 (30)	23 (26.7)	28 (33.3)	0.349
Premature coronary artery disease	24 (14.1)	10 (11.6)	14 (16.7)	0.346
Dyslipidemia	32 (18.8)	17 (19.8)	15 (17.9)	0.750
Hypertension	33 (19.4)	16 (18.6)	17 (20.2)	0.778
Cerebrovascular accident	4 (2.4)	4 (4.7)	0 (0)	0.035

Data are expressed as the number (percent) or as mean ± standard deviation. P values are between males and females. Highlighted in bold are significant values.

¹Lipid profiles were available for 144 patients (71 males, 73 females). Only one female patient used statins. First-degree relatives included parents and siblings. Premature coronary artery disease (i.e. heart attack, treated angina, interventions for coronary artery disease, stroke, or sudden cardiac death) in male relatives < 55 years or female relatives < 65 years. HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; HDL-c: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.