Prevalence and interrelationships of foot ulcer, risk-factors and antibiotic resistance in foot ulcers in diabetic populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 3 Description of studies causative agents from diabetic foot ulcer

Ref.	Total no of enrolled patients	Number of patients with isolated strains/ with multiple strains n(%)	Number of microorganisms, n (%)
			Gram positive							Gram negative					Fungus
			Aerobes						Ananerobes	Aerobes				Ananerobes
			Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. (MRSA)	Other Staphyloccus sp (Staphylococcus species)	Streptocccus sp	Enterococcus sp	Other Gram positive		Enterobacteriaceac members	Pseudomonas sp	Acinetobacter sp	Other gram negative sp
Quilici et al[21]	100	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Commons et al[26]	177	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Barwell et al[28]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Roth-Albin et al[24]	40	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Fitzgerald et al[30]	28	-	+++	-	-	-	-	-	++	-	-	-	-	-	-
Kathirvel et al[22]	150	-	-	-	-	-	-	17.9%	-	-	-	-	69.89%	-	-
Xie et al[16]	405	95.8%	43.2%, 41/95	-	65.2%, 62/95	-	20.0%, 19/95	45.9%, 95/207	-	73.2%, 82/112	-	-	54.1%, 112/207	-	10.7%
Dwedar et al[41]	80	77	11.4%	(10.1%	46.8%	-		27.7%	-	-	10.8%	-	56.08%	8.1%	-
Abbas et al[45]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Oliveira et al[46]	66	-	22.7%	-	4.5%	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

-: No mention in literature; ++: The total may be over 100% this is because of mixed infections; percentage values are calculated from cases with isolated stains; +++: Approximate number. MSSA: Methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (bacteria that is not resistant to some antibiotics); MRSA: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacteria that causes various infections in the body).