Insulin resistance is associated with subclinical vascular disease in humans

Table 1 Studies that find an independent association between insulin resistance and subclinical arterial stiffness unexplained by classic cardiovascular risk factors

Ref.	Population group	Insulin resistance	Arterial stiffness
Salomaa et al[6]	African American and Caucasian	IGT	Arterial compliance, Young’s elastic modulus
Henry et al[22]	General population	IGT	Arterial compliance
Shin et al[30]	Healthy Chinese subjects	IGT	Brachial-ankle PWV
Liye et al[17]	IGT versus normal glucose tolerance	IGT, serum adiponectin levels	Brachial artery PWV
Giltay et al[21]	Healthy subjects	Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp	Carotid-femoral PWV
Vyssoulis et al[32]	Patients with hypertension	IGT	Carotid-femoral PWV
Sengstock et al[31]	Patients with hypertension	Frequently sampled IV tolerance test	Aortic PWV, pulse pressure
Kasayama et al[33]	Healthy adults	HOMA	Brachial-ankle PWV
Park et al[34]	Postmenopausal women	HOMA-IR	Aortic and peripheral PWV
Maple-Brown et al[4]	Indigenous Australians	HOMA-IR	Augmentation index
Scuteri et al[35]	Family history of diabetes	HOMA-IR	Carotid-femoral PWV
Sakuragi et al[36]	Prepubescent children	HOMA-IR	Carotid-femoral PWV
Whincup et al[11]	British children	HOMA-IR	Brachial artery distensibility
Gungor et al[38]	Children and adolescents	HOMA-IR	Aortic PWV
Iannuzzi et al[39]	Children and adolescents	HOMA-IR	Aortic PWV
Tomsa et al[20]	Adolescents	Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp	Augmentation index

IGT: Impaired glucose tolerance; PWV: Pulse-wave velocity; HOMA: Homeostasis model assessment; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance.