Risk factors and urinary biomarkers of non-albuminuric and albuminuric chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes

Table 3 Risk factors for different patterns of chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes

Risk factor	Pattern of CKD
	NA-CKD (n = 111)	A-CKD– (n = 87)	A-CKD+ (n = 73)
Age ≥ 65 yr	3.16 (1.76-5.70)	1.00 (0.55-1.80)	1.76 (0.94-3.28)
	P = 0.0001	P = 0.99	P = 0.08
Duration of diabetes ≥ 15 yr	2.81 (1.53-5.17)	1.63 (0.89-3.01)	2.32 (1.19-4.53)
	P = 0.0009	P = 0.12	P = 0.01
Male sex	0.46 (0.21-0.98)	2.32 (1.20-2.48)	1.49 (0.74-3.01)
	P = 0.04	P = 0.01	P = 0.24
Female sex	2.19 (1.02-4.69)	0.43 (0.22-0.83)	0.67 (0.33-1.36)
	P = 0.04	P = 0.01	P = 0.24
Smoking	0.81 (0.25-2.60)	3.49 (1.31-9.28)	0.56 (0.13-2.34)
	P = 0.72	P = 0.01	P = 0.43
WHR >1.0	0.61 (0.22-1.65)	3.64 (1.32-9.99)	1.53 (0.57-4.10)
	P = 0.32	P = 0.01	P = 0.40
HbA1c > 8.0%	0.68 (0.38-1.20)	2.67 (1.35-5.27)	1.10 (0.58-2.09)
	P = 0.18	P = 0.005	P = 0.76
Treatment with diuretics	2.80 (1.56-5.00)	1.10 (0.60-2.00)	1.30 (0.70-2.44)
	P = 0.0005	P = 0.76	P = 0.41
Treatment with calcium channel blockers	1.20 (0.66-2.17)	1.47 (0.79-2.75)	2.23 (1.17-4.25)
	P = 0.56	P = 0.22	P = 0.01

The data are presented as odds ratio, 95% confidence interval and P value. CKD: Chronic kidney disease; CKD–: The group of individuals with estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥ 60 mL/min × 1.73 m² and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio < 3.0 mg/mmol; NA-CKD: Non-albuminuric chronic kidney disease, the group of individuals with estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min × 1.73 m² and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio < 3.0 mg/mmol; A-CKD–: Group of patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥ 60 mL/min × 1.73 m² and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥ 3.0 mg/mmol; A-CKD+: Group of individuals with estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min × 1.73 m² and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥ 3.0 mg/mmol; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; WHR: Waist-to-hip ratio.