Risk factors and urinary biomarkers of non-albuminuric and albuminuric chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes

Table 2 Laboratory parameters of type 2 diabetic individuals with different patterns of chronic kidney disease

Parameter	CKD- (n = 89)	NA-CKD (n = 111)	A-CKD- (n = 87)	A-CKD+ (n = 73)
Renal tests
Serum creatinine, μmol/L	76 (67.3; 86.8)	111 (99.1; 124)cf	85.8 (76.1; 96.5)	116 (97.8; 144)cf
eGFR, mL/min × 1.73 m2	77 (69; 87)	52 (46; 56)cf	72 (66; 84)i	51 (46; 55.8)c
UACR, mg/mmol	0.5 (0.3; 0.9)	0.7 (0.4; 1.0)fi	8.3 (4.8; 36.7)c	11.4 (5.6; 42.1)c
Urinary protein excretion, mg/day	65 (50; 100)	70 (50; 140)	170 (90; 530)ci	200 (130; 520)ci
Biochemistry
HbA1c, %	8.4 (7.5; 10.1)	8.1 (7.2; 9.5)f	9.7 (8.5; 11.2)bg	8.6 (7.5; 9.8)
HbA1c, mmol/L	68 (58; 87)	65 (55; 80)f	83 (69; 99)bg	70 (58; 84)
Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L	8.9 (6.8; 10.2)	8.8 (6.5; 10.1)	9.5 (8.0; 12.8)a	9.6 (7.7; 12.0)
2h-postprandial blood glucose, mmol/L	10.7 (9.0; 13.7)	11.7 (8.9; 14.0)	13.1 (9.9; 15.0)a	11.3 (10.0; 14.0)
Total cholesterol, mmol/L	5.1 (4.5; 5.9)	5.1 (4.3; 6.0)	4.9 (4.1; 6.0)	5.3 (4.1; 6.4)
LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L	3.3 (2.7; 3.9)	3.2 (2.5; 4.0)	3.1 (2.5; 3.8)	3.2 (2.5; 4.1)
HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L	1.2 (1.0; 1.4)	1.3 (1.1; 1.5)e	1.2 (1.0; 1.3)	1.1 (1; 1.4)
Triglycerides, mmol/L	1.6 (1.3; 2.2)	1.6 (1.1; 2.4)	1.8 (1.2; 2.9)	1.8 (1.3; 2.8)
Uric acid, μmol/L	279 (218; 349)	327 (269; 381)a	324 (276; 376)a	349 (272; 390)a
Hematology
Hemoglobin, g/L	137 (130; 144)	129 (123; 140)bd	138 (126; 147)	133 (123; 143)
RBC, × 1012/L	4.8 (4.5; 5.0)	4.5 (4.2; 4.8)ad	4.7 (4.5; 5.1)g	4.5 (4.1; 4.9)b
WBC, × 109/L	6.5 (5.7; 8.0)	6.7 (5.7; 7.8)	6.6 (5.3; 7.9)	6.9 (5.7; 8.0)
Platelets, × 109/L	238 (199; 270)	234 (195; 270)	233 (191; 281)	229 (189; 273)
ESR, mm/h	16.5 (10; 23)	22 (15; 31)b	22.5 (15.5; 29.5)b	23 (18; 33)c
Coagulation tests
Fibrinogen, g/L	4.4 (3.9; 5.5)	4.4 (3.9; 5.1)	4.5 (3.8; 5.7)	4.1 (3.7; 5.1)
SFMCs, mg/dL	5.5 (3.5; 15)	12 (7; 16)	14 (8; 23)a	12.5 (7; 21)
D-dimer, ng/mL	263 (235; 303)	287 (239; 351)	271 (232; 304)	290 (254; 363)

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01,

^cP < 0.001 vs CKD–,

^dP < 0.05,

^eP < 0.01,

^fP < 0.001 vs A-CKD–,

^gP < 0.05,

ⁱP < 0.001 vs А-CKD+ (χ² test for discrete parameters and multiple comparisons of mean ranks for continuous parameters, estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min × 1.73 m²). LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; UACR: Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; RBC: Red blood cell; WBC: White blood cell; SFMC: Soluble fibrin monomer complex; CKD–: The group of individuals with estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥ 60 mL/min × 1.73 m² and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio < 3.0 mg/mmol; NA-CKD: Non-albuminuric chronic kidney disease, the group of individuals with estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min × 1.73 m² and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio < 3.0 mg/mmol; A-CKD–: Group of patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥ 60 mL/min × 1.73 m² and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥ 3.0 mg/mmol; A-CKD+: Group of individuals with estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min × 1.73 m² and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥ 3.0 mg/mmol.