Risk factors and urinary biomarkers of non-albuminuric and albuminuric chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of type 2 diabetic individuals with different patterns of chronic kidney disease

Parameter	CKD- (n = 89)	NA-CKD (n = 111)	A-CKD– (n = 87)	A-CKD+ (n = 73)
General clinical parameters
Sex, M/F, n (%)	20/69	13/98	45/42	22/51
	22.5/77.5	11.7/88.3afh	51.9/48.1ch	30.1/69.9e
Age, yr	64 (58; 67)	68 (64; 73)bfi	63 (59; 68)i	67 (61; 77)ae
BMI, kg/m2	33.4 (28.7; 36.9)	32.6 (29.4; 37.2)	33.6 (30.1; 38.2)	33.4 (30.0; 36.8)
WHR	0.97 (0.94; 1.03)	0.94 (0.89; 0.99)fh	1.04 (0.97; 1.11)a	0.98 (0.95; 1.07)
Smoking, n (%)	7 (7.9)	6 (5.4)	18 (20.9)a	3 (4.1)
Diabetes duration, yr	15 (12; 19)	18 (15; 25)cd	15 (13; 20)	18 (14; 22)a
Diabetic complications and comorbidities
Diabetic retinopathy, n (%)	62 (69.7)	74 (66.7)	65 (74.7)	57 (78.1)
Arterial hypertension, n (%)	85 (95.5)	111 (100)	87 (98.9)	73 (100)
Coronary artery disease, n (%)	41 (46.1)	58 (52.3)	46 (52.9)	41 (56.2)
Myocardial infarction in anamnesis, n (%)	7 (7.9)	19 (17.1)	20 (23.0)b	17 (23.3)b
Chronic heart failure (NYHA class III-IV), n (%)	5 (5.6)	7 (6.3)	11 (12.6)	4 (5.5)
Carotid atherosclerosis, n (%)	15 (16.9)	51 (45.9)c	33 (37.9)a	40 (54.8)c
Cerebrovascular event in anamnesis, n (%)	6 (6.7)	13 (11.7)a	5 (5.8)	11 (15.1)a
Peripheral artery disease, n (%)	60 (67.4)	84 (75.7)	59 (67.8)	57 (78.1)a
Treatment
Metformin, n (%)	61 (68.5)	64 (57.7)	56 (64.4)	43 (58.9)
Sulfonylurea, n (%)	29 (32.6)	31 (27.9)g	21 (24.1)	10 (13.7)b
Insulin, n (%)	74 (83.1)	94 (84.7)g	76 (87.5)	70 (95.9)a
Duration of insulin therapy, yr	6 (4; 10)	10 (7; 13)cf	6 (3; 10)	8 (3; 11)
Daily insulin dose, IU	52 (36; 72)	46 (34; 62)g	56 (40; 78)	60 (42; 74)
Daily insulin dose, IU/kg	0.60 (0.40; 0.80)	0.55 (0.40; 0.70)	0.60 (0.40; 0.80)	0.63 (0.45; 0.90)
RAS blockers, n (%)	67 (75.3)	93 (83.8)	69 (79.3)	61 (83.6)
Diuretics, n (%)	36 (40.4)	73 (65.8)adg	38 (43.7)	35 (47.9)
Calcium channel blockers, n (%)	27 (30.3)	38 (34.2)g	34 (39.1)	36 (49.3)a
Antiplatelet agents, n (%)	46 (51.7)	78 (70.3)bd	50 (57.5)g	57 (78.1)be
Statins, n (%)	28 (31.5)	59 (53.2)bd	31 (35.6)g	39 (53.4)be

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01,

^cP < 0.001 vs CKD–,

^dP < 0.05,

^eP < 0.01,

^fP < 0.001 vs A-CKD–,

^gP < 0.05,

^hP < 0.01,

ⁱP < 0.001 vs А-CKD+ (χ² test for discrete parameters and multiple comparisons of mean ranks for continuous parameters). BMI: Body mass index; WHR: Waist-to-hip ratio; CKD–: The group of individuals with estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥ 60 mL/min × 1.73 m² and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio < 3.0 mg/mmol; NA-CKD: Non-albuminuric chronic kidney disease, the group of individuals with estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min × 1.73 m² and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio < 3.0 mg/mmol; A-CKD–: Group of patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥ 60 mL/min × 1.73 m² and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥ 3.0 mg/mmol; A-CKD+: Group of individuals with estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min × 1.73 m² and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥ 3.0 mg/mmol.