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Publication Name
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
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1948-5190
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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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©The Author(s) 2015.
World J Gastrointest Endosc. Dec 10, 2015; 7(18): 1268-1278
Published online Dec 10, 2015. doi: 10.4253/wjge.v7.i18.1268
Table 1 Potential etiologies of indeterminate biliary stricture
Benign
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
IgG4-associated cholangiopathy
Postoperative stricture (anastomotic, ischemic, cholecystectomy-related)
Ischemia (e.g., hepatic artery thrombosis)
Infections (HIV cholangiopathy, parasites)
Pancreatitis (acute, chronic, autoimmune)
Choledocholithiasis
Mirizzi syndrome
Eosinophilic cholangitis
Vasculitis
Radiation
Portal biliopathy
Malignant
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Lymphoma
Metastatic adenocarcinoma (e.g., compressive lymphadenopathy)
HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus.
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