Updates on gastric electrical stimulation to treat obesity: Systematic review and future perspectives

Table 9 TANTALUS^® studies significant outcomes

	Weight, kg	Average Weight loss, kg (%)			HbA1c (%)	Average HbA1c reduction, % (% change)			Other statistically significant or important negative results3
	Baseline	At 3 mo ± 2 wk	At 6 mo ± 2 wk	At 12 mo ± 3 mo	Baseline	At 3 mo ± 2 wk	At 6 mo ± 2 wk	At 12 mo ± 3 mo
T1[38]	110.5 ± 3.5		-5.38 (-4.87%), P < 0.01		8.3% ± 0.12%		-1.0 (-12.0%), P < 0.001		Lower BP (S/D)
T2[70]	107.7 ± 21.1 (n = 11)	-3.00 (-2.79%), P < 0.05	-5.30 (-4.92%), P < 0.05		8.5% ± 0.7%	-1.0 (-11.8%), P < 0.05	-0.9 (-10.6%), P < 0.05		Lower BP (S) Lower total cholesterol Lower LDL
T3[39]	123.7 ± 4.5		-5.80 (-4.70%), P < 0.05 at 5 mo	-4.50 (-3.70%) [P < 0.05]	8.0% ± 0.2%		-0.6 (-7.5%), P < 0.05 at 5 mo	-0.5 (-6.3%), P < 0.05	Lower FBG Lower ghrelin4 Higher adiponectin4 Reduced appetite2 (P < 0.05)
T4[37]	NR		-5.50 (P < 0.01)		8.4% ± 0.1%		-1.1 (-12.1%), P < 0.01		Lower BP if hypertensive at baseline
T5[71]	104.4 ± 4.4	-4.70 (-4.52%), P < 0.001			8.0% ± 0.2%	-1.1 (-12.8%), P < 0.001			Lower BP (S/D) Lower FBG
T6[69]	130 ± 6.5			-4.70 (-3.62%) (P value NR) at 37 wk	8.2% ± 0.2%			-1.0 (-12.2%) (P value NR) at 37 wk
T7[43]	NR								Increased GE Reduced gastric retention (No significant changes in Ghrelin)
T8[72]	128.8 ± 5.2		-8.90 (-6.91%), P < 0.05 at 5 mo	-16.4 (-12.7%) (P value NR)1					Lower BP if hypertensive at baseline Reduced appetite (P < 0.05)

¹Only 9 out of 12 subjects remained by the 12^th month;

²Except from week 20 to week 52, there was a slight increase (P = NS) in hunger score, but otherwise, all scores were significant (P < 0.05);

³Significant results in reference to baseline values;

⁴Results based on a smaller subset of participants. BP: Blood pressure; LDL: Low-density lipoproteins; FBG: Fasting blood glucose.