Updates on gastric electrical stimulation to treat obesity: Systematic review and future perspectives

Table 8 Comparison of outcomes of different devices (statistically significant outcomes only)

Device (total number of studies)	Significant weight loss achieved ≤ 12 mo (number of trials)	Follow-up beyond 12 mo and significant weight loss maintained from the first 12 mo (number of trials)1	Appetite reduction/satiety increase (number of trials)	Food and/or water intake reduction, comparing study group to control (number of trials)	Changes in gastric emptying (number of trials)	Biochemistry changes reported (number of trials)4
TANTALUS® (8)	62	None (maximum of 12 mo follow-up)	2 (25%)		Increased (1)	45
IGS-Transcend (13)	103	5	3 (23%)			1
Vagal stimulation (3)	2	None (maximum of 12 mo follow-up)	3 (100%)			1
Gastric Pacing (6)	4	2		2	Delayed (26)	1
Total (30)	22	7	8 (26.6%)	3	5	7

¹Maintained weight loss means that studies had shown significant weight loss during the first year of their follow-up;

²One study showed a weight loss of 3.62% from baseline at 37 wk, but p value was not given, so this was not included in the count;

³One study demonstrated significant weight loss at 12 mo only after procedural correction;

⁴Significant biochemistry changes include any gastrointestinal hormones (such as ghrelin, peptide YY, leptin, somatostatin, cholecystokinin, Glucagon-like Peptide-1), HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, cholesterol;

⁵One study showed a reduction of -12.2% in HbA1c levels at 37 wk but P value was not given so it was not included in the count;

⁶In one study, gastric emptying was achieved only after 45 min, and there was no significant delaying afterwards.