Gastrointestinal endoscopy in the pregnant woman

Table 2 Fetal risks of endoscopic or peri-endoscopic medications used during pregnancy¹

Medication class	FDA category of safety in pregnancy	Medications
Proton pump inhibitors	B	Lansoprazole, Pantoprazole, Dexlansoprazole, Esmeprazole, Rebeprazole
	C	Omperazole
Histamine-2 antagonists	B	Cimetidine, Famotidine, Nizatidine, Ranitidine
Antiemetics	B	Odansetron, Metoclopramide, Diphenhydramine, Trimethobenzamide, Prochloropromazine, Doxyamine Succinate and Pyridoxine
	C	Promethazine
Prokinetic agents	B	Metoclopramide, Erythromycin
Anesthesia	B	Propofol, Ketamine
Narcotics	B	Meperidine
	B	Morphine, Fentanyl
Benzodiazepines	D	Diazepam, Midazolam
Reversal agents	B	Nalozone
	C	Flumazenil
Colonic preparations	C	Polyethylene glycol, Phosphate preparations2
Antispasmodic	B	Glucagon

¹FDA categorizations of drug safety during pregnancy accepted as guidelines in the current report and by the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE[4]);

²This review does not recommend use of phosphate preparations during pregnancy. The ASGE recommends its use “with caution”[4]. FDA: United States Food and Drug Administration.