Celiac disease onset and inflammatory milieu

doi:10.4253/wjge.118718

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

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1948-5190

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Gastrointest Endosc. Aug 16, 2026; 18(8): 118718
Published online Aug 16, 2026. doi: 10.4253/wjge.118718

Table 2 Two-signal T-cell immunologic activation

Signal	Component	Normal state	Disease onset
Signal 1	DGP-HLA complex on APC	Present, below threshold	Highly expressed, strongly bound
Signal 2	Co-stimulation, loss of regulation	Tregs dominant, T-cells anergic	Tregs suppressed, cytokines upregulated

DGP: Deamidated gliadin peptides; HLA: Human leukocyte antigens; APC: Antigen-presenting cell; Tregs: Regulatory T cells.

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Citation: Ciaccio EJ, Wolf RL, Ciacci C, Green PH, Acharya UR. Celiac disease onset and inflammatory milieu. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2026; 18(8): 118718
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5190/full/v18/i8/118718.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4253/wjge.118718

Ciaccio EJ, Wolf RL, Ciacci C, Green PH, Acharya UR. Celiac disease onset and inflammatory milieu. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2026; 18(8): 118718 [DOI: 10.4253/wjge.118718]

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