Endoscopic management of post-living donor liver transplant anastomotic biliary strictures: A quaternary care transplant center experience

Figure 2 Management algorithm for anastomotic biliary strictures. ¹Cholangioscopy was utilized to facilitate traversal of acutely angulated strictures, enable drainage of sectoral branches, and confirm stricture resolution. ²Failure of stricture resolution was defined as the persistence of the stricture despite 12 months of endoscopic therapy. ³Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography was employed in cases where primary endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or cholangioscopy failed, as well as for sectoral duct strictures that were not amenable to endoscopic management. ABS: Anastomotic biliary strictures; ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.