Artificial intelligence in endoscopic ultrasound: Clinical translation of a prediction, navigation, and diagnosis framework

Figure 1 Integrated artificial intelligence framework in the endoscopic ultrasound workflow. This schematic depicts a three-part closed-loop framework, termed “Prediction-Navigation-Diagnosis” (indicated by arrows), through which artificial intelligence (AI) enhances endoscopic ultrasound. Six core application domains (shown in boxes) include AI-driven preoperative prediction (preoperative planning and risk stratification), intraoperative navigation (real-time navigation and puncture path guidance), and postoperative diagnosis (cytological diagnosis and imaging diagnosis). The central pie chart demonstrates that the representative AI models cited in this review predominantly originate from 2024-2025 (over 70%), highlighting the recent and advanced nature of developments in this field.