Clinical outcomes of single-port, modified two-port, and three-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A comparative retrospective cohort study

Table 2 Intraoperative and postoperative outcomes, n (%)/mean ± SD (95% confidence interval)

Outcome measure	MTP (n = 31)	TP (n = 100)	SP (n = 11)	P value (MTP vs TP)	P value (MTP vs SP)	P value (TP vs SP)
Operative time (minutes)	52.5 ± 19.5 (45.8-59.2)	55.2 ± 23.0 (50.7-59.7)	103.1 ± 34.9 (82.3-123.9)	0.566	0.009	0.000
Intraoperative blood loss < 10 mL	31 (100) (89.1-100.0)	100 (100) (96.3-100.0)	11 (100) (71.5-100.0)	1.000	1.000	1.000
Hospital stay (days)	1.2 ± 0.5 (1.0-1.4)	1.3 ± 0.6 (1.2-1.4)	1.5 ± 0.5 (1.2-1.8)	0.341	0.136	0.384
Postoperative complications	0 (0) (0.0-10.9)	0 (0) (0.0-3.6)	1 (9.1) (1.1-31.0)	< 0.001	0.089	0.0087
Postoperative pain (VNRS)
24 hours	2.1 ± 1.0 (1.8-2.4)	2.3 ± 1.1 (2.1-2.5)	2.5 ± 1.2 (1.8-3.2)	0.320	0.210	0.450
48 hours	1.2 ± 0.8 (0.9-1.5)	1.4 ± 0.9 (1.2-1.6)	1.6 ± 1.0 (1.0-2.2)	0.280	0.170	0.390

MTP: Modified two-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy; TP: Three-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy; SP: Single-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy; VNRS: Verbal Numerical Rating Scale (0-10, higher = worse pain).