Altered endocannabinoid system gene expression in inflammatory bowel disease mucosa: New perspectives in inflammatory bowel disease management

Table 3 Gene expression levels in ulcerative colitis patients (mean ± SD)

Genes	2−∆Ct, CTRL (n = 17)	2−∆Ct, NIM (n = 17)	2−∆Ct, IM (n = 17)	1P value, case control (CTRL vs NIM)	1P value, case control (CTRL vs IM)	2P value, paired (IM vs NIM)
CNR1	0.014 ± 0.009	0.009 ± 0.006	0.014 ± 0.012	0.525	0.999	0.113
CNR2	0.010 ± 0.007	0.008 ± 0.007	0.021 ± 0.016	0.609	0.141	0.009
DAGLA	0.004 ± 0.003	0.005 ± 0.006	0.003 ± 0.003	0.924	0.999	0.113
DAGLB	0.006 ± 0.003	0.004 ± 0.002	0.005 ± 0.002	0.093	0.659	0.210
FAAH	0.032 ± 0.007	0.019 ± 0.011	0.012 ± 0.008	0.003	< 0.001	0.010
GPR18	0.013 ± 0.006	0.011 ± 0.006	0.014 ± 0.006	0.167	0.999	0.062
GPR55	0.008 ± 0.004	0.004 ± 0.002	0.007 ± 0.003	0.003	0.999	0.004
MGLL	0.107 ± 0.039	0.151 ± 0.127	0.089 ± 0.050	0.999	0.999	0.102
PPARG	0.088 ± 0.038	0.084 ± 0.045	0.047 ± 0.0035	0.999	< 0.001	0.019
TRPV1	0.030 ± 0.015	0.021 ± 0.011	0.014 ± 0.009	0.248	0.002	0.028

¹Non-parametric one-way covariance analysis (ANCOVA) (Quade’s) followed by Bonferroni correction.

²Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; UC: Ulcerative colitis; CD: Crohn’s disease; CTRL: Non-inflammatory bowel disease controls; NIM: Noninflamed mucosa; IM: Inflamed mucosa; CNR2: Cannabinoid receptor 2; FAAH: Fatty acid amide hydrolase; GPR: G protein-coupled receptor 18; GPR55: G protein-coupled receptor 55; MGLL: Monoglyceride lipase; PPARG: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; TRPV1: Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 1; DAGLA: Diacylglycerol lipase alpha; DAGLAB: Diacylglycerol lipase beta.