Altered endocannabinoid system gene expression in inflammatory bowel disease mucosa: New perspectives in inflammatory bowel disease management

Table 2 Gene expression levels in inflammatory bowel disease patients (mean ± SD)

Genes	2−∆Ct, CTRL (n = 17)	2−∆Ct, NIM (n = 30)	2−∆Ct, IM (n = 30)	1P value, case control (CTRL vs NIM)	1P value, case control (CTRL vs IM)	2P value, paired (IM vs NIM)
CNR1	0.014 ± 0.009	0.008 ± 0.005	0.018 ± 0.029	0.525	0.999	0.090
CNR2	0.010 ± 0.007	0.008 ± 0.006	0.025 ± 0.035	0.609	0.141	0.005
DAGLA	0.004 ± 0.003	0.005 ± 0.005	0.003 ± 0.003	0.924	0.999	0.153
DAGLB	0.006 ± 0.003	0.005 ± 0.003	0.005 ± 0.002	0.093	0.659	0.329
FAAH	0.032 ± 0.007	0.019 ± 0.014	0.012 ± 0.007	0.003	< 0.001	0.012
GPR18	0.013 ± 0.006	0.010 ± 0.005	0.014 ± 0.007	0.167	0.999	0.037
GPR55	0.008 ± 0.004	0.004 ± 0.002	0.008 ± 0.004	0.003	0.999	0.001
MGLL	0.107 ± 0.039	0.182 ± 0.266	0.127 ± 0.112	0.999	0.999	0.491
PPARG	0.088 ± 0.038	0.092 ± 0.055	0.045 ± 0.032	0.999	< 0.001	0.001
TRPV1	0.030 ± 0.015	0.023 ± 0.017	0.015 ± 0.010	0.248	0.002	0.032

¹Non-parametric one-way covariance analysis (ANCOVA) (Quade’s) followed by Bonferroni correction.

²Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; UC: Ulcerative colitis; CD: Crohn’s disease; CTRL: Non-inflammatory bowel disease controls; NIM: Noninflamed mucosa; IM: Inflamed mucosa; CNR2: Cannabinoid receptor 2; FAAH: Fatty acid amide hydrolase; GPR: G protein-coupled receptor 18; GPR55: G protein-coupled receptor 55; MGLL: Monoglyceride lipase; PPARG: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; TRPV1: Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 1; DAGLA: Diacylglycerol lipase alpha; DAGLAB: Diacylglycerol lipase beta.