Capsule endoscopy: Emerging technologies and future clinical applications

Table 1 Representative studies on emerging technologies and clinical applications of capsule endoscopy

Ref.	Study design	Capsule/technology	Clinical setting
Leighton et al[2], 2017	Prospective multicenter feasibility study	PCE	Diagnostic yield in active Crohn’s disease
Tamilarasan et al[3], 2022	Systematic review and meta-analysis	PCE	Diagnosis and assessment of Crohn’s disease extent
Oliva et al[4], 2025 (BOMIRO)	Prospective multicenter study	PCE	Phenotypic characterization and prognostic assessment in Crohn’s disease
Marmo et al[5], 2026	Systematic review and meta-analysis	PCE/SBCE	Treatment monitoring in Crohn’s disease
Mussetto et al[6], 2021	Prospective feasibility study	PCE	Diagnostic yield in melena after negative upper GI endoscopy
Rosa et al[7], 2024	Prospective study	PCE	GI bleeding/iron-deficiency anemia after negative upper GI endoscopy
Spada et al[9], 2024	Prospective multicenter study	AI-assisted SBCE	AI-assisted lesion detection in suspected small-bowel bleeding
Mesquita et al[10], 2026	Prospective study	AI-assisted SBCE	AI-assisted assessment of Crohn’s disease activity
Nam et al[12], 2021	Multicenter algorithm development study	AI-assisted SBCE	Automated assessment of small-bowel cleansing
Liao et al[14], 2016	Prospective comparative study	MCCE	Detection of gastric lesions
Li et al[15], 2021	Prospective feasibility study	MCCE	Upper GI cancer screening
Yu et al[16], 2023	Prospective multicenter study	MCCE	Acute upper GI bleeding
Xie et al[17], 2024	AI development/validation study	MCCE + AI	AI-assisted detection of gastric and small-bowel lesions
Zhang et al[18], 2023	Prospective study	Remote MCCE	Remote upper GI examination using 5G technology
Chen et al[19], 2019	Prospective feasibility study	DS-MCCE	Complete visualization of the esophagus and stomach
Dai et al[20], 2026	Prospective diagnostic study	DS-MCCE	Detection of esophageal lesions and early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Son et al[24], 2020	Preclinical/ex vivo study	Robotic capsule	Preclinical tissue sampling
Chen et al[25], 2026	Preclinical proof-of-concept study	Robotic capsule	Preclinical targeted drug delivery

PCE: Pan-enteric capsule endoscopy; SBCE: Small-bowel capsule endoscopy; GI: Gastrointestinal; AI: Artificial intelligence; MCCE: Magnetically controlled capsule endoscopy; DS-MCCE: Detachable-string magnetically controlled capsule endoscopy.