Multimodal artificial intelligence and large language models in gastrointestinal endoscopy: From lesion detection to workflow-integrated report generation

Figure 1 Levels of clinical integration of artificial intelligence in gastrointestinal endoscopy. A: Perception at the lesion level; B: Procedure-level understanding; C: Patient-level multimodal integration; D: Documentation and communication support. These levels are intended to represent the increasing clinical integration rather than a strict chronological sequence. This is an author-proposed conceptual framework intended for illustration and does not represent a validated clinical pathway or clinical guideline. AI: Artificial intelligence; CADe: Computer-aided detection; CADx: Computer-aided diagnosis; LLM: Large language model; BBPS: Boston Bowel Preparation Scale; EHR: Electronic health record; Hb: Hemoglobin; CRP: C-reactive protein; Alb: Albumin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase.