Role of endoscopic ultrasound in the treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: Lights and shadows of endoscopic ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation

Table 1 Studies of endoscopic ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation on functioning-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

Ref.	Year	Study design	Number of patients/F-pNET	Tumor Size (mean, mm)	Location	Follow-up (months)1	Clinical success (%)1	Adverse events	Recurrence
Lakhtakia et al[36]	2016	Case series	3/3	17.3	Head: 3	12	100	0
Waung et al[37]	2016	Case report	1/1	18	Head	10	100	0
Bas-Cutrina et al[38]	2017	Case report	1/1	10	Body	10	100	NR
Goyal et al[39]	2017	Case series	1/1	7.5	Body	NR	100	0
Thosani et al[40]	2018	Retrospective, multicenter	3/3	23	NR	5	100	Not specified2
de Mussy et al[41]	2018	Case report	1/1	12	Body	2	100	NR
Choi et al[18]	2018	Prospective, monocenter	1/1	12	Head	13	100	0
Saurabh et al[42]	2019	Case report	1/1	17	Head	6	100	NR
Oleinikov et al[22]	2019	Retrospective, multicenter	7/9	14.8	Head: 7; body: 2	9.7	100	0
Choi et al[23]	2020	Prospective	1/1	12	Head	NR	100	0	1 (at 19 months)
Borwn et al[43]	2020	Case report	1/1	18	Head	8	100	0
Jonica and Wagh[44]	2020	Case report	1/1	22	Body	6	100	0
Furnica et al[45]	2020	Retrospective, monocenter	4/4	12	Head: 2; body: 1; tail: 1	22	100	2 acute pancreatitis
Kluz et al[46]	2020	Case report	1/1	9	Head	NR	NR	0
Lakhtakia et al[47]	2020	Prospective, monocenter	10/13	11.5	NR	10-64	100	1 acute pancreatitis; 1 abdominal pain
de Nucci et al[30]	2020	Prospective, monocenter	5/5	12.8	Body: 3; tail: 2	12	100	0
Younis et al[25]	2022	Prospective, monocenter	1/1	8	Tail	7	100	NR
Rossi et al[32]	2023	Prospective, monocenter	3/3	16	Head: 3; body: 3; tail: 4	22	100	1 intra-procedural bleeding
Chang et al[48]	2022	Case report	1/1	12	Head	18	100	1 abdominal pain
Marx et al[34]	2022	Prospective, multicenter	7/7	13.3	Head: 1; body: 6	21	85.7	3 NR; 1 death
Figueiredo Ferreira et al[27]	2022	Prospective, multicenter	13/13	14.4	NR	12	100	Not specified2
Rizzatti et al[29]	2023	Prospective, multicenter	30/30	12.1	Head: 15; body: 10; tail: 5	12	100	NR
Gugger et al[49]	2023	Case report	1/1	9	Tail	10	100	0
Borrelli de Andreis et al[50]	2023	Retrospective, monocenter	10/10	11.9	Head: 3; body: 3; tail: 4	19.5	100	2 abdominal pain
Crinò et al[16]	2023	Retrospective, multicenter	89/89	13.4	Head: 34; body: 39; tail: 16	23	95.5	8 acute pancreatitis, 5 abdominal pain, 1 spleen hematoma, 1 diabetes	16.9% at 9.5 momths
Napoléon et al[17]	2023	Retrospective, multicenter	16/16	15	NR	13	87.5	Not specified2
Biermann et al[7]	2024	Case series	3/3	14	Head: 2; tail: 1	12.7	100	1 case of melena
Lesmana[28]	2024	Case series	3/3	27.7	Head: 2; body: 1	6-12	100	0
Okasha et al[19]	2025	Prospective, multicenter	11/11	17.4	Head: NR; body: NR; tail: NR	12 ± 12.3	90.9	4 acute pancreatitis

¹In case of multiple types of pancreatic lesions, the overall data were indicated.

²It was not possible to verify in which patients the reported adverse events occurred.

F-pNET: Functioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor; NR: Not reported.