Timing of intervention: Assessing early vs late endoscopic and surgical interventions in acute cholangitis

Table 2 Demographics and clinical characteristics by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography timing

Demographics (unweighted n = 31817)	None (n = 1487, 4.74%)	Urgent ERCP (n = 5833, 18.6%)	Early ERCP (n = 16645, 53.1%)	Late ERCP (n = 7380, 23.5%)	P value1
Age, years (mean, SE)	59.7 (0.49)	63.4 (0.23)2	64.7 (0.13)3,5	65.1 (0.19)4,6	< 0.001
Sex, female (%, SE)	54.6 (1.39)	57.6 (0.71)	49.9 (0.42)3,5	50.4 (0.63)4,6	< 0.001
Income quartile (%, 95%CI)					< 0.001
1	23.9 (1.20)	24.3 (0.64)	25.2 (0.37)5	28.4 (0.57)4,6,7
2	26.7 (1.25)	28.1 (0.67)	27.5 (0.38)	26.9 (0.57)
3	26.2 (1.28)	26.4 (0.65)	25.8 (0.67)	24.7 (0.55)
4	23.0 (1.15)	21.2 (0.56)	21.4 (0.33)	19.9 (0.48)
Primary payer (%, SE)					< 0.001
Medicare	48.1 (1.40)	55.3 (0.72)2	55.3 (0.42)3,5	57.9 (0.63)4,6,7
Medicaid	12.5 (0.92)	9.91 (0.39)	9.78 (0.24)	11.1 (0.38)
Private	34.5 (1.34)	31.1 (0.67)	29.5 (0.39)	25.9 (0.56)
Self-pay	2.82 (0.47)	2.02 (0.23)	2.62 (0.14)	2.36 (0.19)
Other	2.17 (0.42)	2.72 (0.23)	2.79 (0.14)	2.70 (0.20)
Elective admission (%, SE)	19.6 (1.13)	32.6 (0.69)2	6.51 (0.23)3,5	5.86 (0.31)4,6	< 0.001
Weekend admission (%, SE)	18.8 (1.11)	12.9 (0.50)2	20.4 (0.34)	21.3 (0.52)6	< 0.001
Hospital location (%, SE)					< 0.001
Urban/non-teaching	16.3 (0.96)	12.5 (0.38)2	15.8 (0.19)3,5	13.9 (0.36)4,7
Urban/teaching	79.5 (1.05)	85.2 (0.42)	81.8 (0.20)	83.6 (0.39)
Rural	4.19 (0.48)	2.27 (0.19)	2.47 (0.089)	2.39 (0.17)
Hospital bed size (%, SE)					< 0.001
Small	11.7 (0.82)	9.31 (0.35)2	11.3 (0.17)	9.72 (0.32)7
Medium	22.3 (1.16)	19.0 (0.51)	21.7 (0.23)	20.9 (0.46)
Large	66.0 (1.29)	71.6 (0.57)	67.1 (0.27)	69.3 (0.51)
Charlson Comorbidity Index (mean, SE)	2.53 (0.086)	2.65 (0.043)2	3.33 (0.027)3,5	4.02 (0.045)4,6,7	< 0.001
Septic shock (%, SE)	0.95 (0.24)	0.36 (0.077)	0.36 (0.047)3	1.23 (0.13)6,7	< 0.001
Severe sepsis (%, SE)	0.86 (0.28)	0.41 (0.10)	0.28 (0.039)3	0.93 (0.12)6,7	< 0.001
SIRS with organ failure (%, SE)	8	8	8	0.17 (0.049)	8
SIRS without organ failure (%, SE)	0.76 (0.22)	0.81 (0.11)	0.90 (0.077)	1.06 (0.13)6	0.43
Respiratory failure (%, SE)	3.35 (0.52)	2.00 (0.21)2	1.82 (0.11)3,5	3.80 (0.24)6,7	< 0.001
Kidney failure (%, SE)	12.2 (0.91)	8.07 (0.37)2	11.9 (0.27)	19.2 (0.48)4,6,7	< 0.001
Thrombocytopenia (%, SE)	3.94 (0.53)	2.83 (0.24)	3.84 (0.16)	4.75 (0.26)6,7	< 0.001
Altered mental status (%, SE)	8	8	0.17 (0.031)	0.32 (0.07)	0.049
Abnormal coagulation (%, SE)	0.84 (0.24)	0.73 (0.12)	1.33 (0.098)	2.50 (0.19)4,6,7	< 0.001
Bile duct perforation (%, SE)	1.55 (0.36)	0.66 (0.11) 2	0.52 (0.062)3,5	0.93 (0.13)7	< 0.001
Post procedural bleeding (%, SE)	8	0.37 (0.088)	0.28 (0.048)	0.56 (0.094)7	0.004
Chronic pancreatitis (%, SE)	2.89 (0.50)	7.64 (0.42)2	4.56 (0.18)5	6.19 (0.32)4,6,7	< 0.001
Acute pancreatitis (%, SE)	3.12 (0.48)	7.72 (0.37)2	7.07 (0.21)3	8.43 (0.34)4,7	< 0.001
Abdominal pain (%, SE)	4.45 (0.58)	4.13 (0.29)	3.23 (0.15)	3.62 (0.24)	0.008
Jaundice (%, SE)	3.76 (0.52)	3.81 (0.25)	6.17 (0.19)3,5	7.01 (0.32)4,6	< 0.001
Cholelithiasis (%, SE)	18.1 (1.10)	4.83 (0.29)2	5.54 (0.19)3,5	7.79 (0.34)4,6,7	< 0.001
Choledocholithiasis (%, SE)	1.34 (0.31)	1.89 (0.19)	1.62 (0.10)	2.38 (0.19)7	0.001
Biliary obstruction (%, SE)	53.9 (1.41)	82.2 (0.52)2	85.7 (0.29)3,5	86.4 (0.44)4,6	< 0.001
Carcinoma of intrahepatic bile duct (%, SE)	3.58 (0.47)	4.36 (0.31)	4.92 (0.18)	5.71 (0.30)4,6	0.001
Malignant neoplasm of pancreas (%, SE)	7.45 (0.69)	14.4 (0.49)2	18.5 (0.33)3,5	17.1 (0.46)4,6	< 0.001

¹Continuous variables compared using weighted linear regression. Categorical variables compared using χ² analysis.

²Statistical differences between no endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and urgent ERCP (Bonferroni P < 0.008).

³Statistical differences between no ERCP and early ERCP (Bonferroni P < 0.008).

⁴Statistical differences between no ERCP and late ERCP (Bonferroni P < 0.008).

⁵Statistical differences between urgent ERCP and early ERCP (Bonferroni P < 0.008).

⁶Statistical differences between urgent ERCP and late ERCP (Bonferroni P < 0.008).

⁷Statistical differences between Early ERCP and late ERCP (Bonferroni P < 0.008).

⁸Not shown due to Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project regulations regarding 10 or fewer observed observations. Group excluded from comparison.

ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; SIRS: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome.