Timing of intervention: Assessing early vs late endoscopic and surgical interventions in acute cholangitis

Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristics endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography vs laparoscopic common bile duct exploration

Demographics (unweighted n = 31817)	Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography only (n = 30330, 95.3%)	Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration only (n = 1487, 4.67%)	P value1
Age, years (mean, SE)	64.5 (0.097)	59.7 (0.49)	< 0.001
Sex, female (%, SE)	51.5 (0.31)	54.0 (1.39)	0.028
Income quartile (%, 95%CI)			0.24
1	25.6 (0.27)	23.9 (1.20)
2	27.6 (0.28)	26.7 (1.25)
3	25.8 (0.28)	26.2 (1.28)
4	20.9 (0.24)	23.0 (1.15)
Primary payer (%, SE)			< 0.001
Medicare	56.1 (0.31)	48.1 (1.40)
Medicaid	9.81 (0.18)	12.5 (0.92)
Private	28.9 (0.28)	34.5 (1.34)
Self-pay	2.41 (0.098)	2.82 (0.47)
Other	2.69 (0.10)	2.17 (0.42)
Elective admission (%, SE)	11.7 (0.21)	19.6 (1.13)	< 0.001
Weekend admission (%, SE)	19.1 (0.25)	18.8 (1.11)	0.83
Hospital location (%, SE)			< 0.001
Urban/non-teaching	14.7 (0.048)	16.3 (0.96)
Urban/teaching	82.9 (0.052)	79.5 (1.05)
Rural	2.44 (0.024)	4.19 (0.48)
Hospital bed size (%, SE)			0.29
Small	10.9 (0.04)	11.7 (0.82)
Medium	21.1 (0.06)	22.3 (1.16)
Large	68.0 (0.065)	66.0 (1.29)
Charlson Comorbidity Index (mean, SE)	3.35 (0.02)	2.53 (0.086)	< 0.001
Septic shock (%, SE)	0.57 (0.044)	0.95 (0.24)	0.056
Severe sepsis (%, SE)	0.46 (0.041)	0.86 (0.28)	0.054
SIRS with organ failure (%, SE)	0.064 (0.014)	0.052 (0.051)	0.83
SIRS without organ failure (%, SE)	0.91 (0.056)	0.76 (0.22)	0.54
Respiratory failure (%, SE)	2.34 (0.094)	3.34 (0.52)	0.026
Kidney failure (%, SE)	13.0 (0.20)	12.2 (0.91)	0.39
Thrombocytopenia (%, SE)	3.89 (0.12)	3.94 (0.53)	0.92
Altered mental status (%, SE)	0.19 (0.026)	0.27 (0.12)	0.41
Abnormal coagulation (%, SE)	1.51 (0.079)	0.83 (0.24)	0.04
Bile duct perforation (%, SE)	0.64 (0.05)	1.55 (0.36)	< 0.001
Post procedural bleeding (%, SE)	0.36 (0.039)	0.19 (0.11)	0.28
Chronic pancreatitis (%, SE)	5.58 (0.15)	2.89 (0.50)	< 0.001
Acute pancreatitis (%, SE)	7.52 (0.16)	3.12 (0.48)	< 0.001
Abdominal pain (%, SE)	3.48 (0.12)	4.45 (0.58)	0.069
Jaundice (%, SE)	5.85 (0.14)	3.75 (0.52)	0.002
Cholelithiasis	6.01 (0.15)	18.1 (1.10)	< 0.001
Choledocholithiasis (%, SE)	1.89 (0.083)	1.34 (0.31)	0.15
Biliary obstruction (%, SE)	85.1 (0.23)	53.9 (1.40)	< 0.001
Carcinoma of intrahepatic bile duct (%, SE)	5.10 (0.14)	3.59 (0.47)	0.008
Malignant neoplasm of pancreas (%, SE)	17.2 (0.23)	7.45 (0.69)	< 0.001
Inflation-adjusted total cost (mean, SE)	16968.87 (80.2)	20011.85 (446.7)	< 0.001
Length of stay (mean, SE)	4.89 (0.027)	5.80 (0.14)	< 0.001
In-hospital mortality (%, SE)	2	2	2
30-day readmission (%, SE)	25.6 (0.27)	21.8 (1.15)	0.002
30-day mortality (%, SE) (n = 5354)	5.27 (0.26)	2.93 (0.96)	0.072

¹Continuous variables compared using weighted linear regression. Categorical variables compared using χ² analysis.

²Not shown due to Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project regulations regarding 10 or fewer observed observations.

SIRS: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome.