Construction and validation of a machine learning algorithm-based predictive model for difficult colonoscopy insertion

Table 2 Univariate analysis of factors associated with difficulty in colonoscope insertion, n (%)

Variable	Level	Overall (n = 712)	Easy insertion (n = 527)	Difficult insertion (n = 185)	P value
Sex	Female	329 (46.2)	227 (43.1)	102 (55.1)	0.006
	Male	383 (53.8)	300 (56.9)	83 (44.9)
Age (years)	/	54.5 ± 12.9	54.2 ± 13.2	55.4 ± 11.9	0.278
Body mass index (kg/m2)	/	24.8 ± 3.6	24.8 ± 3.5	24.5 ± 3.9	0.334
Abdominal circumference (cm)	/	85.7 ± 10.3	86.0 ± 9.2	84.6 ± 13.0	0.104
Smoking	No	560 (78.7)	419 (79.5)	141 (76.2)	0.404
	Yes	152 (21.3)	108 (20.5)	44 (23.8)
Drinking	No	567 (79.6)	426 (80.8)	141 (76.2)	0.216
	Yes	145 (20.4)	101 (19.2)	44 (23.8)
Constipation	No	588 (82.6)	468 (88.8)	120 (64.9)	< 0.001
	Yes	124 (17.4)	59 (11.2)	65 (35.1)
History of colonoscopy	No	457 (64.2)	349 (66.2)	108 (58.4)	0.068
	Yes	255 (35.8)	178 (33.8)	77 (41.6)
Irritable bowel syndrome	No	587 (82.4)	449 (85.2)	138 (74.6)	0.002
	Yes	125 (17.6)	78 (14.8)	47 (25.4)
Diverticulum	No	699 (98.2)	520 (98.7)	179 (96.8)	0.176
	Yes	13 (1.8)	7 (1.3)	6 (3.2)
History of colorectal polyps	No	559 (78.5)	430 (81.6)	129 (69.7)	0.001
	Yes	153 (21.5)	97 (18.4)	56 (30.3)
Family history of colon polyps	No	655 (92.0)	498 (94.5)	157 (84.9)	< 0.001
	Yes	57 (8.0)	29 (5.5)	28 (15.1)
History of pelvic and abdominal surgery	No	533 (74.9)	413 (78.4)	120 (64.9)	< 0.001
	Yes	179 (25.1)	114 (21.6)	65 (35.1)
History of Radiotherapy	No	703 (98.7)	520 (98.7)	183 (98.9)	1.000
	Yes	9 (1.3)	7 (1.3)	2 (1.1)
Hypertension	No	558 (78.4)	412 (78.2)	146 (78.9)	0.915
	Yes	154 (21.6)	115 (21.8)	39 (21.1)
Diabetes	No	623 (87.5)	469 (89.0)	154 (83.2)	0.057
	Yes	89 (12.5)	58 (11.0)	31 (16.8)
Taking painkillers	No	698 (98.0)	519 (98.5)	179 (96.8)	0.252
	Yes	14 (2.0)	8 (1.5)	6 (3.2)
Anxiety (scores)		32.9 ± 8.7	31.4 ± 8.2	37.5 ± 8.6	< 0.001