Post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography cholecystitis: A review of incidence, risk factors, prevention, and management

Table 1 Strategies for the prevention of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography cholecystitis

Modification of techniques in the high-risk group	Endoscopic techniques
	Modality	Outcome
Aspirating bile before and limiting the volume of contrast injection; avoiding covered and high axial force SEMS; using a multi-hole, fully-covered or uncovered SEMS	ETGBD	Technical success: 58%-75%, PEC: 0%-4%, Adverse event: 0%-26.7%
	EUS-GBD	Technical success: 100%, PEC: 0%, Adverse event: 0%

EUS-GBD: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage; ETGBD: Endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage; percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage; PEC: Post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography cholecystitis; SEMS: Self-expandable metallic stents.