Fatal air embolism during intestinal endoscopy in Kasai portoenterostomy for biliary atresia: A case report

Table 2 Summary of common clinical settings in the cases of fatal air embolism in patients with Kasai portoenterostomy for biliary atresia

Ref.	Age	Indication	Endoscopic entry	Air insufflation to closed loop	Time to arrest (minutes)	Paradoxical embolism	Result
Lowdon and Tidmore[1], 1988	4 months	Cholangitis	Enterotomy of A-loop	Yes	5	Yes	Died (autopsy)
Desmond and MacMahon[2], 1990[2]	10 years	Stone of KPE site	Enterotomy of A-loop	Yes	10	Yes	Died (autopsy)
Park et al[3], 2010	17 years	Intestinal bleeding	Enterotomy of A-loop	Yes	Immediately	Yes	Survived
Pujari et al[4], 2012	5 years	Intestinal bleeding	Enterotomy of A-loop	Yes	1	Yes	Died (no autopsy)
2023 (present case)	18 years	Stone at KPE site	Enterotomy of A-loop	Yes	3	Yes	Died (no autopsy)

Age: Patient’s age when endoscopy was performed; A-loop: Afferent loop; KPE: Kasai portoenterostomy.