Modern endoscopist’s toolbox: Innovations in foreign body removal

Table 1 Classification of types of foreign bodies

Category	Subcategories	Examples
By physical characteristics	Size & shape: Small vs large, rounded vs irregular	Coins, nails, bezoars, rings
	Surface texture: Smooth vs Rough	Marbles (smooth), chicken bones (rough)
	Sharp vs blunt	Needles, razor blades (sharp) vs Coins (blunt)
By composition	Organic vs inorganic	Food boluses (organic), metal objects (inorganic)
	Metallic vs non-metallic	Screws, forks (metallic) vs plastic toys (non-metallic)
	Chemical composition	Batteries (lithium, sodium hydroxide), medications
By risk level	High-risk objects	Batteries, magnets, sharp objects (e.g., Razors)
	Low-risk objects	Coins, plastic objects, small rounded items
By clinical context	Accidental ingestion (common in children)	Coins, marbles, small objects
	Intentional ingestion (psychiatric/drug abuse)	Toothbrushes, screwdrivers
	Medically introduced foreign bodies	Endoscopic capsules, stents, dental materials