Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in pediatric and adult populations: 17-year experience from Pakistan with trends, complications, and global comparison

Table 2 Demographics and procedural parameters of the included endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography procedures

Characteristics	n (%)/mean ± SD
Sex
Male	5392 (40.8)
Female	7823 (59.2)
Age in years
< 18 (pediatric)	533 (4.0)
0-3 (toddlers)	6
4-11 (childhood)	126
12-18 (adolescence)	401
> 18 (adult)	12682 (96.0)
Mean age, years	46.50 ± 16.03
Clinical symptoms
Jaundice	6308 (47.7)
Abdominal pain	5911 (44.7)
Other	996 (7.6)
Laboratory parameters
Increased total bilirubin	8515 (64.4)
Mean total bilirubin in mg/dL	9.50 ± 48.86
Increased ALP	10256 (77.6)
Mean ALP in IU/L	605.6 ± 1218.4
Post-ERCP pancreatitis	356 (2.7)
Mild pancreatitis	164 (1.2)
Moderate pancreatitis	136 (1.0)
Severe pancreatitis	56 (0.4)
Clinically significant bleeding after EST/EPLBD	230 (1.7)
Hemostasis with balloon tamponade	35 (0.2)
Hemostasis with adrenaline spray	195 (1.5)
Cardio pulmonary adverse effects	31 (0.2)
Perforation	26 (0.2)
Death	5 (0.0)

ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; EST: Endoscopic sphincterotomy; EPLBD: Endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation.