Advances and future directions in endoscopic bariatric therapies

Table 3 Rare complications after intragastric balloon therapy

Number	Gender	Age	Initial BMI (kg/m2)	Complication	Timeframe	Adverse reaction	Symptoms	Ref.
1	Female	22	33	None	6 weeks	Non-biliary pancreatitis	Persistent, sharp pain in the upper abdomen, with progressive exacerbation and a severity of 8/10 (VAS), without diurnal variation or radiation, which later spreads to the entire abdomen. The pain is aggravated by movement and slightly relieved by rest	[35]
2	Male	31	NA	None	10 weeks	Gastric perforation	Intermittent colicky pain in the left upper abdomen, which was exacerbated in anteflexion	[36]
3	Female	35	34	Hepatomegaly, leiomyoma, and a small sliding-type hiatal hernia	2 weeks	Gastric dilation and gastric outlet obstruction	Intractable nausea and vomiting with postprandial exacerbation. Nausea was initially managed with a liquid diet. Subsequently, the patient developed persistent vomiting accompanied by non-radiating retrosternal burning pain	[37]
4	Male	29	38	None	5.5 years	None	The IGB has been present in the body for 5.5 years without any abnormalities, and the BMI is 37.3 kg/m2	[38]
5	Female	46	NA	Gastritis	10 months	Small bowel obstruction (with the balloon 40 cm from the ileocecal valve)	Abdominal distension and excessive salivation accompanied by nausea	[39]
6	Female	23	NA	None	12 months	Mall bowel obstruction caused by a migrating IGB	Non-radiating generalized abdominal pain, recurrent vomiting, and constipation with flatus	[40]
7	Male	34	41	None	20 months	Gastroenteritis	Severe, progressive, generalized, cramping abdominal pain, localized to the lower abdomen, accompanied by anorexia, nausea, and vomiting	[41]
8	Female	30	NA	None	18 months	Small bowel obstruction	The diffuse abdominal pain is progressively worsening, primarily in the upper abdominal region, and radiating to the right upper abdomen associated with vomiting	[42]
9	Female	58	42	None	10 months	Gastric outlet obstruction caused by IGB impaction	Postprandial vomiting and abdominal distension	[43]
10	The overall complication rate was 2.8% (70/2515), including: 5 cases of gastric perforation, 19 cases of gastric obstruction, 9 cases of device rupture, 32 cases of esophagitis and 5 cases of gastric ulceration							[44]

BMI: Body mass index; NA: Not available; IGB: Intragastric balloon; VAS: Visual analogue scale.