Advancements in endoscopic closure: Embracing a new era of managing complications and postprocedural defects after endoscopic submucosal dissection

Table 6 Management of immediate perforations - summary

Location and size	Management/device
Esophagus, < 2 cm	TTSCs
	OTSCs
Esophagus, > 2 cm	Endoscopic suturing
	Stenting with SEMS (only when primary closure is not possible)
Stomach, < 2 cm	TTSCs
	OTSCs
Stomach, > 2 cm	Endoscopic suturing
	Combined method: TTS clips + endoloop
Duodenum (type 2) diagnosed at the time of ERCP	TTSCs
	Consider additionally placing stent (fully covered SEMS) into the bile duct across the ampulla
Colon	TTSCs
	OTSCs
	Endoscopic suturing

TTSCs: Through-the-scope clips; OTSCs: Over-the-scope clips; SEMS: Self-expandable metallic stent; TTS: Through-the-scope; ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.