Advancements in endoscopic closure: Embracing a new era of managing complications and postprocedural defects after endoscopic submucosal dissection

Table 2 Complication rates and risk factors in esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection

Ref.	Country of origin	Intraoperative perforation rate	Delayed bleeding rate	Stricture rate
Tsujii et al[23]	Japan	5.2%	0%	7.1%
		Risk factors: Early treatment periods, low volume institutions		Risk factor: Circumferencial lesion
Yang et al[24]	United States	2.2%	6.5%	-
Iizuka et al[25]	Japan	1.2 vs 1.8%	0 vs 0.8%	20.8 vs 11%
				Risk factor: Age
Huang et al[26]	China	-	12.02%	-
			Risk factors: Hypertension, lesion diameter, submucosal fibrosis, C-reactive protein serum level, albumin serum level
Ishihara et al[27]	Japan	1.8%	0.6%	Risk factors: Tumor location, circumferencial lesion
		Risk factors: Tumor location, low volume institution
Shi et al[154]	China	-	-	11.6%
				Risk factors: Depth of invasion above m2, circumferential extension > 75%