Gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the setting of gastrointestinal cancer: Anatomical prevalence, predictors, and interventions

Table 5 The results of multivariate analysis showing the predictors of gastrointestinal hemorrhage in a population of patients with gastrointestinal cancer

Predictors of GI hemorrhage
		aOR	95%CI	P value
Demographic factors
Age (yr)		1.01	(1.01-1.02)	< 0.001
Female		0.84	(0.81-0.86)	< 0.001
Race	White- Reference	1.00	-	-
	Black	1.27	(1.22-1.31)	< 0.001
	Hispanic	1.19	(1.14-1.24)	< 0.001
	Asian or Pacific Islander	1.42	(1.34-1.50)	< 0.001
	Native American	1.24	(1.06-1.46)	0.007
	Other	1.13	(1.05-1.21)	0.001
Socioeconomic factors
Insurance	Medicare- Reference	1.00	-	-
	Medicaid	1.17	(1.12-1.22)	< 0.001
	Private	0.91	(0.88-0.94)	< 0.001
	Self-pay	1.44	(1.34-1.56)	< 0.001
	No charge	1.21	(0.94-1.56)	0.148
	Other	1.03	(0.95-1.12)	0.468
Median household income for patient ZIP Code	1st quartile- Reference	1.00	-	-
	2nd quartile	0.98	(0.95-1.01)	0.246
	3rd quartile	0.96	(0.93-0.99)	0.022
	4th quartile	0.94	(0.90-0.97)	< 0.001
Comorbidities
Acute kidney injury		1.17	(1.13-1.20)	< 0.001
Chronic kidney disease		1.22	(1.18-1.26)	< 0.001
Heart failure		1.19	(1.12-1.27)	< 0.001
Cirrhosis and liver failure		1.84	(1.78-1.90)	< 0.001
Cancer related
Metastasis		0.93	(0.90-0.95)	< 0.001
Chemo and Immunotherapy		0.74	(0.72-0.77)	< 0.001
Radiation gastroenteritis/proctitis		2.39	(2.02-2.81)	< 0.001
Palliative care		1.21	(1.17-1.26)	< 0.001
Nutritional status
Severe malnutrition and cachexia		1.12	(1.08-1.15)	< 0.001
Obesity		0.94	(0.90-0.98)	0.001
Use of antithrombotic/anticoagulants
Aspirin/antiplatelets		1.09	(1.05-1.13)	< 0.001
Anticoagulants		1.48	(1.42-1.54)	< 0.001

Bold values represent a statistically significant odds ratio > 1 [in favor of gastrointestinal hemorrhage (GIH)]; multivariate logistic regression of outcome (GIH) was performed using the backward stepwise method to determine statistically significant factors; variables included in the analysis: Age, female, race, insurance, income, acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, cirrhosis and liver failure, intestinal infection, metastasis, chemotherapy and immunotherapy, radiation gastroenteritis, palliative care, severe malnutrition and cachexia, obesity, aspirin/antiplatelet, and anticoagulant; intestinal infection was a statistically non-significant factor; GI: Gastrointestinal; CI: Confidence interval; OR: Odds ratio.