Causative factors of discomfort in esophagogastroduodenoscopy: A large-scale cross-sectional study

Table 4 Multiple regression analysis and impact of each factor for discomfort

	Regression coefficient	Upper limit of 95%CI	Lower limit of 95%CI	P value
Age (+ 1)	-0.08	-0.09	-0.07	< 0.001
Sex (male)	-0.45	-0.79	-0.10	0.013
BMI (+ 1)	-0.002	-0.03	0.03	0.903
Height (+ 1)	-0.02	-0.04	-0.003	0.024
Smoking status
Past smoker	-0.06	-0.32	0.20	0.638
Current smoker	0.35	0.02	0.67	0.036
Alcohol consumption
Normal drinker	-0.05	-0.27	0.18	0.680
Heavy drinker	0.20	-0.21	0.61	0.337
Has no endoscopic experience	0.22	-0.20	0.65	0.300
History of gastrectomy	0.36	-0.41	1.14	0.362
Butylscopolamine use	-0.04	-0.35	0.27	0.802
Biopsy performed	0.11	-0.51	0.72	0.729
Lugol’s solution use	1.02	-0.61	2.64	0.221
Normal diameter endoscope	0.48	-0.09	1.05	0.101
Hiatal hernia	0.34	0.11	0.57	0.003
Sedation agent
Pethidine alone	-1.47	-1.71	-1.22	< 0.001
Midazolam alone	-1.63	-2.61	-0.66	0.001
Pethidine and midazolam	-2.92	-3.36	-2.49	< 0.001

Maximum difference in discomfort among endoscopists (regression coefficient): 2.78 (details of each endoscopist were omitted). BMI: Body mass index.