Causative factors of discomfort in esophagogastroduodenoscopy: A large-scale cross-sectional study

Table 2 Discomfort for each factor in the group without sedation (n = 774) and univariate analysis results

Discomfort score value median (quartile ranges)			Proportion of high discomfort (score ≥ 6)
Age
≤ 39	6 (4-8)	P < 0.001	60.5% (23/38)	P < 0.001
40-49	4 (4-6)	Kruskal-Wallis test	45.1% (51/113)	χ2 test
50-59	4 (2-6)		34.7% (66/190)
60-69	4 (2-4)		18.3% (48/262)
≥ 70	2 (0-4)		9.9% (17/171)
Male sex	4 (2-4)	P < 0.001	23.5% (130/554)	P = 0.003
Female sex	4 (2-6)	Mann-Whitney U test	34.1% (75/220)	χ2 test
BMI
≥ 25	4 (2-6)	P = 0.796	27.2% (62/228)	P = 0.773
< 25	4 (2-6)	Mann-Whitney U test	26.2% (143/546)	χ2 test
Height
< 150 cm	4 (2-5)	P = 0.007	25.7% (9/35)	P = 0.219
150-160 cm	4 (2-6)	Kruskal-Wallis test	29.4% (53/180)	χ2 test
160-170 cm	4 (2-4)		22.7% (75/330)
≥ 170 cm	4 (2-6)		29.7% (68/229)
Non-smoker	4 (2-6)	P = 0.003	26.5% (104/393)	P = 0.033
Past smoker	4 (2-4)	Kruskal-Wallis test	22.4% (57/255)	χ2 test
Current smoker	4 (2-6)		34.9% (44/126)
Non-drinker	4 (2-6)	P = 0.098	29.4% (91/309)	P = 0.291
Normal drinker	4 (2-4)	Kruskal-Wallis test	24.9% (96/386)	χ2 test
Heavy drinker	4 (2-4)		22.8% (18/79)
History of endoscopy (+)	4 (2-4)	P < 0.001	24.8% (180/727)	P < 0.001
History of endoscopy (-)	6 (4-7)	Mann-Whitney U test	53.2% (25/47)	χ2 test
History of gastrectomy (+)	2 (2-4)	P = 0.202	16.7% (3/18)	P = 0.428
History of gastrectomy (-)	4 (2-6)	Mann-Whitney U test	26.7% (202/756)	Fisher's exact test
Butylscopolamine (+)	2 (2-4)	P = 0.115	20.6% (14/68)	P = 0.249
Butylscopolamine (-)	4 (2-6)	(Mann-Whitney U test	27.1% (191/706)	χ2 test
Biopsy performed (+)	4 (2-6)	P = 0.461	39.1% (9/23)	P = 0.163
Biopsy performed (-)	4 (2-6)	Mann-Whitney U test	26.1% (196/751)	χ2 test
Lugol’s solution (+)	4 (2-6)	P = 0.950	40.0% (2/5)	P = 0.612
Lugol’s solution (-)	4 (2-6)	(Mann-Whitney U test	26.4% (203/769)	Fisher's exact test
Endoscope
Normal diameter	4 (2-6)	P = 0.737	28.6% (6/21)	P = 0.826
Small diameter	4 (2-6)	Mann-Whitney U test	26.4% (199/753)	χ2 test
Hiatal hernia (+)	4 (2-6)	P = 0.257	27.6% (113/410)	P = 0.472
Hiatal hernia (-)	4 (2-6)	Mann-Whitney U test	25.3% (92/364)	χ2 test
Sedation agent
No use	4 (2-6)	-	26.5% (205/774)	-
Pethidine alone	-		-
Midazolam alone	-		-
Pethidine and Midazolam	-		-

Number of endoscopists: 27. Range of median score: 0 to 6. Proportion of high discomfort responses: 0 to 60% (details are omitted). Kruskal-Wallis test result for median score: P < 0.001. χ² test result for proportion of high discomfort: P = 0.011. BMI: Body mass index.