Causative factors of discomfort in esophagogastroduodenoscopy: A large-scale cross-sectional study

Table 1 Participants’ demographics (n = 1715)

Possible factors relating to discomfort	Mean (SD)
Age	59 (11)
BMI	23.5 (3.6)
Height	163.1 (8.8)
Possible factors relating to discomfort number (%)
Age
≤ 39	80 (4.7)
40-49	308 (18.0)
50-59	431 (25.1)
60-69	610 (35.6)
≥ 70	286 (16.7)
Male sex	950 (55%)
BMI ≥ 25	503 (29.3)
Height
< 150 cm	114 (6.7)
150-160 cm	546 (31.8)
160-170 cm	644 (37.6)
≥ 170 cm	411 (24.0)
Smoking status
Non-smoker	988 (57.6)
Past-smoker	487 (28.4)
Current-smoker	240 (14.0)
Alcohol consumption
Non-drinker	761 (44.4)
Normal drinker	812 (47.4)
Heavy-drinker	142 (8.3)
History of endoscopy	1602 (93.4)
History of gastrectomy	30 (1.8)
Butylscopolamine administration	511 (29.8)
Biopsy performed	49 (2.9)
Lugol’s solution use	7 (0.4)
Small diameter endoscope	1657 (96.6)
Hiatal hernia	775 (45.2)
Sedative
None	774 (45.1)
Pethidine	797 (46.5)
Midazolam	19 (1.1)
Pethidine and midazolam	125 (7.3)

BMI: Body mass index.