Fluorescence guided intraluminal endoscopy in the gastrointestinal tract: A systematic review

Table 3 Included studies

Ref.	Study design	Patients (n)	Age (yr)	Gender (M/W)	Diagnosis	Contrast	Dosage (mg/kg)	Adverse events	Endoscopic findings	Diagnostic accuracy (%)	Vessel count	Applicability
Iseki et al[25], 2000	Retrospective	37	59 (me)	25/12	Gastric cancer	ICG	2-5	N/A	16/18 M tumors: No stain or homogeneous stain. 17/19 SM or more invasive tumors: Inhomogeneous stain or pooling of the dye	89	Yes	Tumor invasion
Mataki et al[21], 2003	Retrospective	33	N/A	N/A	Early stage gastric cancer and gastric adenoma	ICG	1	None	0/8 adenomas: + fluorescence. 9/14 M tumors: + fluorescence. 11/11 SM tumors: + fluorescence	N/A	N/A	Tumor invasion
Okamoto et al[22], 2005	Retrospective	20	65 (me)	12/8	Varices	ICG	2, 0.1, 0.01, 0.005 or 0.001	None	Clear fluorescence with doses of ICG in 0.005 to 0.01 mg/kg	N/A	N/A	Detection of varices
Ishihara et al[12], 2006	Retrospective	30	N/A	N/A	Gastriccancer	ICG	2	N/A	21/23 M or SM tumors < 1 mm: No stain or homogeneous stain. 7/7 SM tumors > 1 mm: Inhomogeneous stain or pooling of the dye	93	N/A	Tumor invasion
Kimura et al[23], 2007	Retrospective	30	71.5 (me)	20/10	Early stage gastric cancer and gastric adenoma	ICG	0.01	None	1/20 M tumors: + fluorescence. 8/10 SM tumors: + fluorescence	N/A	Yes	Tumor invasion
Ortiz- Fernandez-Sordo et al[24], 2018	Pilot study	23	69 (49-85) (med)	20/3	Early neoplastic lesions within Barrett’s esophagus	ICG	2	None	7/23 tumors: No stain (5/7 were less than HGD) 18/23 tumors: Stain (17/18 were at least HGD, MC or SMC)	88	N/A	Detection of neoplasms
Hartmans et al[15], 2018	Retrospective	17	42 (20-65) (med)	5/12	FAP	Bevacizumab800CW	4.5, 10 or 25 mg	None	Colorectal adenomas detected at all doses by fluorescence	N/A	N/A	Detection of colorectal adenomas

N/A: Not applicable; FAP: Familial adenomatous polyposis; M: Mucosal; SM: Submucosal; me: Mean; med: Median; No stain: Decreased dye accumulation in the tumor compared to surrounding mucosa; Homogeneous stain: Diffuse increased dye accumulation in the tumor compared to surrounding mucosa; Inhomogeneous stain: Scattered dye accumulation in the tumor; Pooling of the dye: Strong dye accumulation in the tumor; HGD: High grade dysplasia; MC: Mucosal carcinoma; SMC: Submucosal carcinoma.