Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography guided interventions in the management of pancreatic cancer

Table 4 Randomized controlled trials and retrospective studies comparing covered with un-covered biliary self-expanding metal stents for malignant distal biliary obstruction

Ref.	Year	Study design	Type of stent	No. of patients	Pancreatic malignancy (%)	Stent patency (d)	Patient survival (d)	No. of stent dysfunction	No. of complications
Seo et al[15]	2019	RCT	Uncovered, Covered	60, 59	100	NA, NA	NA, NA	101, 0	12, 14
Conio et al[88]	2018	RCT	Uncovered, Covered	80, 78	72.5, 75.6	541 (Median)1, 240 (Median)	112 (Median), 134 (Median)	10, 12	10, 19
Flores-Carmona et al[89]	2016	RCT	Uncovered, Covered	46, 22	52.5, 50	NA, NA	NA, NA	4, 3	NA, NA
Mangiavillano et al[90]	2015	RCT	Uncovered, Covered	21, 23	NA	194 (Median)1, 89 (Median)	NA, NA	NA, NA	1, 1
Lee SJ et al[91]	2014	RCT	Uncovered, Covered	20, 20	30, 60	413.3 ± 63 (mean ± SD)1, 207.5 ± 46 (mean ± SD)	359.9 ± 61.5 (mean ± SD), 350.5 ± 43.8 (mean ± SD)	41, 10	0, 3
Ung et al[92]	2013	RCT	Uncovered, Covered	34, 34	79, 88	127 (Median), 153 (Median)	157 (Median), 154 (Median)	NA, NA	0, 2
Kitano et al[93]	2013	RCT	Uncovered, Covered	60, 60	100, 100	166.9 ± 124.9 (mean ± SD)1, 219.3 ± 159.1 (mean ± SD)	223 (Median), 285(Median)	22, 14	2, 2
Fukuda et al[94]	2012	RCT	Uncovered, Covered	71, 72	84.5, 83.3	314 (Median)1, 552(Median)	NA, NA	23, 17	NA, NA
Krokidis et al[95]	2011	RCT	Uncovered, Covered	40, 40	100, 100	166.0 ± 82.8 (mean ± SD)1, 234.0 ± 132 (mean ± SD)	203.2 ± 74.8 (Median ± SD), 247.0 ± 126.7 (Median ± SD)	121, 4	4, 5
Krokidis et al[96]	2010	RCT	Uncovered, Covered	30, 30	0, 0	166.0 ± 87.7 (mean ± SD)1, 227.3 ± 139.7 (mean ± SD)	180.5 ± 82.6 (Median ± SD), 243.5.0 ± 141.1 (Median ± SD)	101, 4	4, 3
Kullman et al[97]	2010	RCT	Uncovered, Covered	200, 200	77, 76	154 (Mean), 199 (Mean)	174 (Median), 116 (Median)	45, 47	20, 14
Telford et al[98]	2010	RCT	Uncovered, Covered	61, 68	77, 86	711 (Median), 357 (Median)	239 (Median), 227 (Median)	121, 23	271, 48
Cho et al[99]	2009	RCT	Uncovered, Covered	38, 39	NA	195 (Median), 227 (Median)	NA, NA	NA, NA	4, 10
Gonzalez-Huix et al[100]	2008	RCT	Uncovered, Covered	53, 61	58.5, 52.5	NA, NA	NA, NA	61, 8	141, 23
Yoon et al[46]	2006	Retrospective	Uncovered, Covered	41, 36	68.2, 86	319 (Mean), 398 (Mean)	308 ± 42 (mean ± SD), 392 ± 60 (mean ± SD)	111, 15	1, 4
Park et al[101]	2006	Retrospective	Uncovered, Covered	108, 98	65.7, 54.1	143.5 (Mean), 148.9 (Mean)	207 (Mean), 209 (Mean)	20, 21	3, 17
Isayama et al[102]	2004	RCT	Uncovered, Covered	55, 57	58.2, 59.6	193 (Mean)1, 225 (Mean)	237 (Mean), 255 (Mean)	211, 8	3, 8
Lee et al[103]	2004	RCT	Uncovered, Covered	21, 22	38.1, 40.9	127 (Median)1, 216 (Median)	NA, NA	11, 4	NA, NA
Smith et al[105]	1995	RCT	Uncovered, Covered	24, 22	70.1, 77.3	NA, NA	NA, NA	NA, NA	3, 3

¹Statistically significant data; RCT: Randomized controlled trial; NA: Data not available.